{"id":38872,"date":"2021-06-09T15:14:35","date_gmt":"2021-06-09T15:14:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/matis.is\/?p=38872"},"modified":"2021-06-09T15:14:36","modified_gmt":"2021-06-09T15:14:36","slug":"methylated-bismuth-but-not-bismuth-citrate-or-bismuth-glutathione-induces-cyto-and-genotoxic-effects-in-human-cells-in-vitro","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/matis.is\/en\/greinar\/methylated-bismuth-but-not-bismuth-citrate-or-bismuth-glutathione-induces-cyto-and-genotoxic-effects-in-human-cells-in-vitro\/","title":{"rendered":"Methylated bismuth, but not bismuth citrate or bismuth glutathione, induces cyto- and genotoxic effects in human cells in vitro"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Bismuth compounds are widely used in industrial processes and products. In medicine, bismuth salts have been applied in combination with antibiotics for the treatment of\u00a0<em>Helicobacter pylori<\/em>\u00a0infections, for the prevention of diarrhea, and in radioimmunotherapy. In the environment, bismuth ions can be biotransformed to the volatile bismuth compound trimethylbismuth (Me<sub>3<\/sub>Bi) by methanobacteria. Preliminary in-house studies have indicated that bismuth ions are methylated in the human colon by intestinal microflora following ingestion of bismuth-containing salts. Information concerning cyto- and genotoxicity of these biomethylated products is limited. In the present study, we investigated the cellular uptake of an organic bismuth compound [monomethylbismuth(III), MeBi(III)] and two other bismuth compounds [bismuth citrate (Bi-Cit) and bismuth glutathione (Bi-GS)] in human hepatocytes, lymphocytes, and erythrocytes using ICP-MS. We also analyzed the cyto- and genotoxic effects of these compounds to investigate their toxic potential. Our results show that the methylbismuth compound was better taken up by the cells than Bi-Cit and Bi-GS. All intracellularly detected bismuth compounds were located in the cytosol of the cells. MeBi(III) was best taken up by erythrocytes (36%), followed by lymphocytes (17%) and hepatocytes (0.04%). Erythrocytes and hepatocytes were more susceptible to MeBi(III) exposure than lymphocytes. Cytotoxic effects of MeBi(III) were detectable in erythrocytes at concentrations >4 \u00b5M, in hepatocytes at >130 \u00b5M, and in lymphocytes at >430 \u00b5M after 24 h of exposure. Cytotoxic effects for Bi-Cit and Bi-GS were much lower or not detectable in the used cell lines up to a tested concentration of 500 \u00b5M. Exposure of lymphocytes to MeBi(III) (250 \u00b5M for 1 h and 25 \u00b5M\/50 \u00b5M for 24 h) resulted in significantly increased frequencies of chromosomal aberrations (CA) and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), whereas Bi-Cit and Bi-GS induced neither CA nor SCE. Our study also showed an intracellular production of free radicals caused by MeBi(III) in hepatocytes but not in lymphocytes. These data suggest that biomethylation of bismuth ions by the intestinal microflora of the human colon leads to an increase in the toxicity of the primary bismuth salt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/tx700304e\">Hlekkur a\u00f0 grein<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bismuth compounds are widely used in industrial processes and products. In medicine, bismuth salts have been applied in combination with [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"template-greinar.php","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[2011],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-38872","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-greinar"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Methylated bismuth, but not bismuth citrate or bismuth glutathione, induces cyto- and genotoxic effects in human cells in vitro - Mat\u00eds<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/matis.is\/en\/greinar\/methylated-bismuth-but-not-bismuth-citrate-or-bismuth-glutathione-induces-cyto-and-genotoxic-effects-in-human-cells-in-vitro\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Methylated bismuth, but not bismuth citrate or bismuth glutathione, induces cyto- and genotoxic effects in human cells in vitro - Mat\u00eds\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Bismuth compounds are widely used in industrial processes and products. In medicine, bismuth salts have been applied in combination with [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/matis.is\/en\/greinar\/methylated-bismuth-but-not-bismuth-citrate-or-bismuth-glutathione-induces-cyto-and-genotoxic-effects-in-human-cells-in-vitro\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Mat\u00eds\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/matisiceland\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-06-09T15:14:35+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-06-09T15:14:36+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@matisiceland\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@matisiceland\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/matis.is\\\/greinar\\\/methylated-bismuth-but-not-bismuth-citrate-or-bismuth-glutathione-induces-cyto-and-genotoxic-effects-in-human-cells-in-vitro\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/matis.is\\\/greinar\\\/methylated-bismuth-but-not-bismuth-citrate-or-bismuth-glutathione-induces-cyto-and-genotoxic-effects-in-human-cells-in-vitro\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/matis.is\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/33b92c850c915c93e67f291e3381a49a\"},\"headline\":\"Methylated bismuth, but not bismuth citrate or bismuth glutathione, induces cyto- and genotoxic effects in human cells in vitro\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-06-09T15:14:35+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-06-09T15:14:36+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/matis.is\\\/greinar\\\/methylated-bismuth-but-not-bismuth-citrate-or-bismuth-glutathione-induces-cyto-and-genotoxic-effects-in-human-cells-in-vitro\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":353,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/matis.is\\\/#organization\"},\"articleSection\":[\"Greinar\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/matis.is\\\/greinar\\\/methylated-bismuth-but-not-bismuth-citrate-or-bismuth-glutathione-induces-cyto-and-genotoxic-effects-in-human-cells-in-vitro\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/matis.is\\\/greinar\\\/methylated-bismuth-but-not-bismuth-citrate-or-bismuth-glutathione-induces-cyto-and-genotoxic-effects-in-human-cells-in-vitro\\\/\",\"name\":\"Methylated bismuth, but not bismuth citrate or bismuth glutathione, induces cyto- and genotoxic effects in human cells in vitro - 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