The spawning stock of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua in West Greenland waters was characterized by a drastic decline in the late 1960s and has since exhibited considerable variation. It has been suggested that the cod stock in West Greenland waters is composed of several stock components that include (1) a number of distinct local inshore populations spawning in separate fjord systems, (2) an offshore spawning component located on the fishing banks, and (3) a periodic Icelandic–East Greenland cod influx that mixes with the offshore and inshore West Greenland stock components. In an attempt to clarify the status of Atlantic cod in Greenland waters, we investigated the genetic structure at different inshore and offshore feeding grounds east and west of Greenland. A total of 1,581 genetic samples were collected within North Atlantic Fisheries Organization areas at inshore and offshore locations as well as within the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea area XIVb. Those samples were genotyped for 18 microsatellite loci and the pantophysin (Pan I) locus. Both types of genetic markers gave congruent results and suggest the presence of two distinct genetic components with limited connectivity in Greenland waters, namely, an inshore component and an offshore component.
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The aim of this study was to update the Icelandic Food Composition Database with respect to minerals (Ca, K, Mg, Na, and P) and trace elements (Cu, Fe, Hg, Se, and Zn) in frequently consumed agricultural products and to study the seasonal and geographical variation for these elements. Five food products typical for the Icelandic food basket were analysed: whole milk, fresh cheese (skyr), firm cheese (Gouda), lamb meat and minced beef together with skimmed milk, cream and whey. Concentrations of minerals and trace elements were determined by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). Seasonal and geographical variation in whole milk was found only for selenium. Concentration of selenium in meat was variable and especially low for beef (1.4–9.6 μg/100 g fresh weight). Mercury was below the detection limit of 0.3 μg/100 g except for one sample of cheese. Skyr was rich in protein, calcium and phosphorus and retains almost all selenium in the skimmed milk used for its production. Skyr whey contains more calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and zinc than cheese whey. Skyr whey is a nutritious product, almost as rich in calcium, potassium and zinc as whole milk and could be used more by the Icelandic food industry.
High mortality rates commonly observed during the early life stages of intensively reared Atlantic halibut have among other things been related to high bacterial numbers and an unfavourable bacterial community. The study describes the effects of two different methods for environmental shading on larval survival and numbers of cultivable bacteria in the culture water and the gastrointestinal tract of first feeding larvae at Fiskey Ltd. Larval survival was not affected by the method used for environmental shading. Lower bacterial numbers were observed in the tank water with environmental shading provided by inorganic clay as compared with marine algae, primarily during the first days of exogenous feeding. Gram negative, fermentative bacteria dominated the cultivable community in the gastrointestinal tract of larvae during the first weeks in feeding. The use of inorganic clay has clear economic advantages as compared to the use of marine microalgae, and the commercial producer has used the product exclusively for environmental shading during first feeding of halibut larvae since 2003.
The production of good quality larvae is a challenge in marine fish hatcheries. In this study, the proteome profile of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) was analyzed using 2-DE, MALDI TOF MS and LC-MS/MS in order to determine its protein composition. Out of 109 abundant spots analyzed with MS 77 proteins were identified. The identified proteins were classified into 5 groups: structural proteins (56%), cytosolic proteins (29%), mitochondrial proteins (7%), secreted and extracellular proteins (7%) and nuclear proteins (1%). This study is the first step in a future construction of an Atlantic cod protein database that will be a valuable resource for molecular analysis of marine fish larval development.
BACKGROUND: Shrimp wastes contain high-quality protein that is underutilized, and particularly peptides derived from shrimp wastes (normally used as animal feed) have not been utilized for bioactive properties. Hence the objective was to utilize shrimp waste proteins in generating peptides and to investigate these for cancer antiproliferative activities. The objectives involved hydrolyzing shrimp proteins (intact in shell) using a food-grade Cryotin enzyme, obtaining gastrointestinal resistant peptides, fractionation to generate < 10, 10–30 and > 30 kDa fractions, and evaluating for colon and liver cancer cell growth inhibitory effects. Three shrimp shells—whole langostino lobster shells from El Salvador (South America), shrimp shells from St Petersburg, FL (USA), and shrimp shell whites from the Gulf of Mexico, LA (USA)—were evaluated for the study.
RESULTS: Peptide fractions (<10 and 10–30 kDa) obtained from shrimp shell whites (Gulf of Mexico) as well as from langostino shells (El Salvador) significantly inhibited the growth of both colon and liver cancer cells by 60%, while < 10 kDa fraction from shrimp shells (FL) inhibited growth of liver cancer cells alone by 55%, compared to controls.
CONCLUSION: The promising anticancer peptide fractions from shrimp waste proteins has the potential for novel nutraceutical ingredient applications.
A statistically robust method was applied to 83 time-series of mercury in Arctic biota from marine, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems with the purpose of generating a ‘meta-analysis’ of temporal trend data collected over the past two to three decades, mostly under the auspices of the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP). Sampling locations ranged from Alaska in the west to northern Scandinavia in the east. Information from recently published temporal trend studies was tabulated to supplement the results of the statistical analyses. No generally consistent trend was evident across tissues and species from the circumpolar Arctic during the last 30 years or so. However, there was a clear west-to-east gradient in the occurrence of recent increasing Hg trends, with larger numbers and a higher proportion of biotic datasets in the Canadian and Greenland region of the Arctic showing significant increases than in the North Atlantic Arctic. Most of the increasing datasets were for marine species, especially marine mammals. A total of 16 (19%) out of the 83 time-series could be classified as “adequate”, where adequate is defined as the number of actual monitoring years in a time-series being equal to or greater than the number of years of sampling required to detect a 5% annual change in Hg concentrations, with a significance level of P < 0.05 and 80% statistical power. At the time of the previous AMAP Assessment, only 10% of the Hg time-series were deemed adequate. If an additional 5 years of data were to be added to the current set of time-series, it is predicted that 53% of time-series would become adequate.
Meat and meat products are of high nutritional value; however, they frequently provide salt and fat in high amounts, which can have negative health effects when consumed in excess. We investigated salt- and fat-reduced meat products, i.e. sensory evaluation and consumer surveys were carried out as well as a dietary intervention study was carried out in overweight individuals who used salt- and fat-reduced products as a part of an energy-restricted diet. Although differences were detected in the sensory evaluation between reduced and regular meat products, the participants in the consumer surveys and in the dietary intervention study gave good ratings for the fat and fat-reduced meat products. The intervention study led to weight loss and improved cardiovascular risk, but did not reveal side effects associated with the consumption of these products. Our study indicates that such products are well accepted by potential consumers and can be included successfully in a weight loss programme.
This book presents a comprehensive review of various biological and ecological studies in animal science, including their embryology, evolution, classification, habitats and distribution. Topics discussed herein include cod aquaculture; the evolutionary history and habitats of the caucasian rock lizard; neuronal plasticity in the lizard brain; the house dust mite and allergic airway inflammation in asthma; special characteristics of the formation of population structure in Pacific cod and novel methodologies to assess metabolic changes of Atlantic cod (gadus Morhua) larvae in response to environmental factors.
The effects of added potassium ferrocyanide (CN) in different concentrations (2.5 ppm, 7.5 ppm and 100 ppm), in salt, on lipid oxidation in cod during salting, storage and rehydration were examined in this study. An increase in CN concentration accelerated lipid oxidation of the salted cod, as observed by increases in lipid hydroperoxides (PV) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), as well as in the development of fluorescence compounds (δFor and δFaq). A yellow discolouration (higher b∗ value) of salted cod was associated with higher levels of oxidation derivatives. High correlation between PV, TBARS and free fatty acid (FFA), as well as between FFA and δFor, was found. The results of principal component analysis showed that TBARS, b∗ value and δFor were the strongest indicators of lipid oxidation during salting and storage.
An integrated benefit–risk analysis aims to give guidance in decision situations where benefits do not clearly prevail over risks, and explicit weighing of benefits and risks is thus indicated. The BEPRARIBEAN project aims to advance benefit–risk analysis in the area of food and nutrition by learning from other fields. This paper constitutes the final stage of the project, in which commonalities and differences in benefit–risk analysis are identified between the Food and Nutrition field and other fields, namely Medicines, Food Microbiology, Environmental Health, Economics and Marketing–Finance, and Consumer Perception. From this, ways forward are characterized for benefit–risk analysis in Food and Nutrition. Integrated benefit–risk analysis in Food and Nutrition may advance in the following ways: Increased engagement and communication between assessors, managers, and stakeholders; more pragmatic problem-oriented framing of assessment; accepting some risk; pre- and post-market analysis; explicit communication of the assessment purpose, input and output; more human (dose–response) data and more efficient use of human data; segmenting populations based on physiology; explicit consideration of value judgments in assessment; integration of multiple benefits and risks from multiple domains; explicit recognition of the impact of consumer beliefs, opinions, views, perceptions, and attitudes on behaviour; and segmenting populations based on behaviour; the opportunities proposed here do not provide ultimate solutions; rather, they define a collection of issues to be taken account of in developing methods, tools, practices and policies, as well as refining the regulatory context, for benefit–risk analysis in Food and Nutrition and other fields. Thus, these opportunities will now need to be explored further and incorporated into benefit–risk practice and policy. If accepted, incorporation of these opportunities will also involve a paradigm shift in Food and Nutrition benefit–risk analysis towards conceiving the analysis as a process of creating shared knowledge among all stakeholders.