Ritrýndar greinar

Effects of Onboard Refrigerated Seawater Storage of Whole Ungutted Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) on Quality Parameters of Fillets

The study aimed to evaluate the effects of onboard refrigerated seawater (RSW) storage of whole ungutted cod on the quality parameters of fillets. The reference group was directly gutted, bled, and stored in ice, while three experimental groups were gill-cut, bled, and stored ungutted in an onboard RSW tub at −1.5°C for 24, 60, and 84 hours. The results showed a difference between groups with extended RSW storage leading to negative effects such as increased gaping, bile spots, TVB-N levels, and bacterial growth after 60 hours. Conversely, the 24-hour RSW group closely resembled the quality parameters of the reference group.

Ritrýndar greinar

Impact of onboard chitosan treatment of whole cod (Gadus morhua) on the shelf life and spoilage bacteria of loins stored superchilled under different atmospheres

Tengiliður

Pauline Bergsten

Ph.D. nemi

paulineb@matis.is

The initial handling of marine fish on board fishing vessels is crucial to retain freshness and ensure an extended shelf life of the resulting fresh products. Here the effect of onboard chitosan treatment of whole, gutted Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) was studied by evaluating the quality and shelf life of loins processed six days post-catch and packaged in air or modified atmosphere (% CO2/O2/N2: 55/5/40) and stored superchilled for 11 and 16 days, respectively. Sensory evaluation did not reveal a clear effect of chitosan treatment on sensory characteristics, length of freshness period or shelf life of loins under either packaging conditions throughout the storage period. However, directly after loin processing, microbiological analysis of loins showed that onboard chitosan treatment led to significantly lower total viable counts as well as lower counts of specific spoilage organisms (SSO), such as H2S-producers and Pseudomonas spp., compared to the untreated group. In addition, the culture-independent approach revealed a lower bacterial diversity in the chitosan-treated groups compared to the untreated groups, independently of packaging method. Partial 16S rRNA gene sequences belonging to Photobacterium dominated all sample groups, indicating that this genus was likely the main contributor to the spoilage process.

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Skýrslur

Effect of superchilled processing of whole whitefish – pre‐rigor / Áhrif ofurkælingar á skemmdarferla og geymsluþol heils fisks og flaka

Útgefið:

01/05/2012

Höfundar:

Aðalheiður Ólafsdóttir, Björn Margeirsson, Kolbrún Sveinsdóttir, Sigurjón Arason, Eyjólfur Reynisson, Emilía Martinsdóttir

Styrkt af:

AVS Fund of Ministry of Fisheries in Iceland (R 062‐11)

Tengiliður

Aðalheiður Ólafsdóttir

Skynmatsstjóri

adalheiduro@matis.is

Effect of superchilled processing of whole whitefish – pre‐rigor / Áhrif ofurkælingar á skemmdarferla og geymsluþol heils fisks og flaka

Markmið tilraunarinnar var að rannsaka áhrif ofurkælingar á skemmdarferla og geymsluþol heils fisks og flaka. Rannsókn var gerð á heilum þorski ofurkældum fljótlega eftir veiði og einnig á áhrifum ofurkælingar á flök unnum úr ofurkældum þorski og þorski kældum í ís á hefðbundinn hátt. Notaðar voru hitamælingar, skynmat, efna‐  og örverumælingar til að bera eftirfarandi tilraunahópa saman, en þeir voru geymdir við –1.4 til –1.2 °C meðalhita:

1) NC: heill þorskur kældur í ís

2) SC: ofurkældur heill þorskur

3) NC‐NC: hefðbundin flakavinnsla úr heilum þorski kældum í ís

4) NC‐SC: ofurkæld flök unnin úr heilum þorski kældum í ís

5) SC‐NC: hefðbundin flakavinnsla úr ofurkældum heilum þorski

6) SC‐SC: ofurkæld flök unnin úr ofurkældum heilum þorski

Niðurstöður skynmats benda til þess að ofurkæld vinnsla á heilum þorski geti lengt geymsluþol hans um tvo daga. Ofurkæling á heilum þorski hafði ekki áhrif á sýrustig, vatnsinnihald, vatnsheldni og örveruvöxt í heilum fisk samanborið við fisk sem ekki var ofurkældur í vinnslu. Samkvæmt skynmati var lítinn mun að finna á geymsluþoli mismunandi flakahópa. Geymsluþol var metið 16–18 dagar, sem er nokkuð langur tími fyrir þorskflök. Ferskleikatímabil tilraunahópsins SC‐ SC virtist þó vera heldur lengra en hinna hópanna. Líkt og fyrir heila þorskinn reyndist lítill munur milli flakahópanna m.t.t. örveruvaxtar, efna‐ og eðliseiginleika. Takmarkaðan mun milli tilraunahópa má mögulega skýra með stöðugum og ofurkældum geymsluaðstæðum. Með hliðsjón af því er ráðgert að framkvæma aðra sambærilega tilraun þar sem hermt verður eftir dæmigerðari umhverfishitaferlum í flutningi ferskfiskafurða (0–4 °C) en í þessari tilraun (–1.4 til –1.2 °C).

The main aim of the study was to study the effects of superchilled processing on storage life of both whole fish and fillets. The following experimental groups were evaluated by means of temperature monitoring, chemical‐ and microbial measurements and sensory evaluation, which were stored at mean temperatures of –1.4 to –1.2 °C:

1) NC: non‐superchilled whole cod

2) SC: superchilled whole cod

3) NC‐NC: non‐superchilled fillets from non‐superchilled whole cod

4) NC‐SC: superchilled fillets from non‐superchilled whole cod

5) SC‐NC: non‐superchilled fillets from superchilled whole cod

6) SC‐SC: superchilled fillets from superchilled whole cod

The results from the sensory evaluation indicate that superchilled processing of whole cod can extend shelf life by two days. Differences in values of pH, water content, water holding capacity and bacterial growth between the superchilled and non‐superchilled whole fish groups were minor. Differences in sensory scores between the fillet groups were small. Shelf life was estimated between 16 and 18 days which is quite long shelf life for cod fillets. However, the group SC‐SC seemed to retain freshness a little longer than other groups. As in case of the whole cod, the differences in bacterial count, chemical and physical properties between the fillet groups were small. Very similar fish temperatures between both the whole fish and the fillets groups resulting from the superchilled storage conditions applied may be the main reason for the small differences obtained. Thus, another study with more common temperature conditions during transport and storage of fresh fish (chilled but not superchilled) will be performed.  

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Skýrslur

Effect of improved design of wholesale EPS fish boxes on thermal insulation and storage life of cod loins – simulation of air and sea transport

Útgefið:

01/08/2010

Höfundar:

Björn Margeirsson, Hélène L. Lauzon, Kolbrún Sveinsdóttir, Eyjólfur Reynisson, Hannes Magnússon, Sigurjón Arason, Emilía Martinsdóttir

Styrkt af:

EU (contract FP6-016333-2) Chill-on, AVS Fund of Ministry of Fisheries in Iceland (project no. R037-08), Technology Development Fund of the Icelandic Centre for Research (project. no. 081304508), University of Iceland Research Fund

Tengiliður

Kolbrún Sveinsdóttir

Verkefnastjóri

kolbrun.sveinsdottir@matis.is

Effect of improved design of wholesale EPS fish boxes on thermal insulation and storage life of cod loins – simulation of air and sea transport

Markmið tilraunanna var að rannsaka hve vel tvær tegundir frauðkassa verja þorskhnakkastykki fyrir dæmigerðu hitaálagi í flugflutningskeðju frá framleiðanda á norðanverðu Íslandi til kaupanda í Evrópu. Notast var við hitamælingar, skynmat, efna- og örverumælingar til að bera frauðkassana saman og kanna mikilvægi staðsetningar flakabita innan kassa (horn og miðja). Að lokum var geymsluþol hnakkastykkja, sem urðu fyrir dæmigerðu flugflutningshitaálagi, borið saman við geymsluþol hnakkastykkja við stöðuga -1 °C geymslu sem er raunhæfur möguleiki við gámaflutninga með skipum. Nýi frauðkassinn, sem hannaður var með FLUENT varmaflutningslíkani, reyndist betri en eldri kassinn með tilliti til varmaeinangrunar. Hitaálagið á fyrsta degi tilraunarinnar olli því að hæsti vöruhiti í hornum hækkaði í 5.4 °C í eldri gerðinni en einungis í 4.5 °C í þeirri nýju. Munur milli hæsta vöruhita í miðjum og hornum kassa var um 2 til 3 °C. Með skynmati var sýnt fram á að geymsla í nýja frauðkassanum leiddi til tveggja til þriggja daga lengra ferskleikatímabils og eins til tveggja daga lengra geymsluþols m.v. geymslu í eldri frauðkassanum. Munurinn milli kassanna var þó ekki staðfestur með efna- og örverumælingum. Staðsetning innan kassa (horn og miðja) hafði ekki marktæk áhrif á niðurstöður skynmats og var einungis um lítinn mun að ræða milli staðsetninga í mælingum á TVB-N og TMA. Hermun flug- og sjóflutnings (hitasveiflur og stöðugur hiti) leiddi í ljós að fyrir vel forkælda þorskhnakka má vænta eins til fimm daga lengra ferskleikatímabils og um þriggja til fimm daga lengra geymsluþols í vel hitastýrðum sjóflutningi miðað við dæmigerðan flugflutningsferil frá Norðurlandi. Þar sem sjóflutningur frá Íslandi tekur oft um fjórum til fimm dögum lengri tíma en flugflutningur (háð m.a. vikudegi og staðsetningu vinnslunnar) sýnir þetta að sjóflutningur er raunhæfur möguleiki fyrir íslenska ferskfiskframleiðendur. Með notkun á nýju frauðkössunum í flugflutningi á fiskurinn þó eftir lengra ferskleikatímabil þegar hann kemst í hendur kaupenda erlendis en í skipaflutningi.

2. útgáfa, mars 2011

Í fyrri útgáfu skýrslunnar þótti ekki nógu skýrt koma fram að sá umhverfishitaferill, sem líkja átti eftir sjóflutningi, miðaðist í raun við nokkurn veginn bestu mögulegu aðstæður í sjóflutningskeðjum ferskra fiskafurða frá Íslandi. Hitamælingar í kæliverkefnunum Hermun kæliferla og Chill-on hafa sýnt fram á að forflutningi innanlands fylgir oft óæskilegt hitaálag í nokkrar klst. hvort sem um er að ræða flug- eða sjóflutningskeðjur. Til þessa hitaálags var tekið tillit í tilfelli flugkeðjunnar en ekki sjóflutningskeðjunnar í fyrstu útgáfu skýrslunnar. Mest áhersla var á lengd geymsluþols í fyrri útgáfu skýrslunnar en bætt er við umfjöllun um ferskleikatímabil í nýrri útgáfu hennar.

The aim of the study was to investigate the performance of two different types of EPS boxes in protecting pre-chilled, fresh fish products subjected to temperature conditions, which are likely to occur during air- and land based, multimodal transport from a processor in North-Iceland to a wholesaler in Europe. The performance of the EPS boxes was evaluated by means of temperature monitoring, chemical- and microbial measurements and finally sensory evaluation. Furthermore, effect of fillet positions inside the wholesale fish packages (corner vs. middle) were investigated by means of the aforementioned methods. Finally, the shelf life of the air-transported simulation fish loins was compared to the shelf life of fish loins stored at around -1 °C, which can be achieved during non-interrupted and well temperature-controlled, containerised sea transport. The new box, designed with a numerical FLUENT heat transfer model, proved to be better with regard to thermal insulation than the old box. The thermal load during the first day of the experiment caused the maximum product temperatures in the bottom corners of the top and second top to rise to 5.4 °C and 4.5 °C for the original and new boxes, respectively. The maximum temperature in the middle of the boxes was around 2 to 3 °C lower than the maximum temperature in the bottom corners. According to sensory evaluation, storage in the new boxes resulted in approximately two to three days longer freshness period and one to two days longer shelf life than storage in the old boxes. The difference between the two box types is not as clear with regard to chemical and microbial measurements.

The sampling location (corner versus middle), did not significantly affect the sensory quality and only minor differences were noticed in TVB-N and TMA between sampling locations in the new box. Comparing the steady and dynamic storage in the old boxes it can be concluded that the increased freshness period (around 1-5 days) and shelf life (around 3-5 days) at steady temperature could compensate for the longer transport time by sea instead of air freight. This makes containerised sea transport a worthy choice for Icelandic fresh fish manufacturers depending on the week day and location of processing. However, for maximum remaining freshness period at the time of delivery to the buyer in Europe the results showed that air transport with the new boxes is the more advantageous transport mode relying on shorter transport time and improved thermal protection of the new boxes.

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Skýrslur

The effect of cooling methods at processing and use of gel-packs on storage life of cod (Gadus morhua) loins – Effect of transport via air and sea on temperature control and retail-packaging on cod deterioration

Útgefið:

01/05/2010

Höfundar:

Emilía Martinsdóttir, Hélène L. Lauzon, Björn Margeirsson, Kolbrún Sveinsdóttir, Lárus Þorvaldsson, Hannes Magnússon, Eyjólfur Reynisson, Arna Vigdís Jónsdóttir, Sigurjón Arason, Maria Eden

Styrkt af:

EU (contract FP6-016333-2) Chill-on, AVS, R&D Fund of Ministry of Fisheries in Iceland, the Technology Development Fund at the Icelandic Centre for Research

Tengiliður

Kolbrún Sveinsdóttir

Verkefnastjóri

kolbrun.sveinsdottir@matis.is

The effect of cooling methods at processing and use of gel-packs on storage life of cod (Gadus morhua) loins – Effect of transport via air and sea on temperature control and retail-packaging on cod deterioration

Tilgangur tilraunanna var að kanna áhrif mismunandi kælingar við vinnslu og hitasveiflna í flutningi með og án kælimottu á geymsluþol þorskhnakka. Í vinnslu var borið saman að nota enga forkælingu fyrir flökun, vökvakælingu og roðkælingu (CBC) sem alltaf er með vökvakælingu. Áhrif hitasveiflna þar sem líkt var eftir í hitabreytingum í flutningi (RTS) voru borin saman við geymslu við stöðugt hitastig (-1 °C). Einnig voru metin áhrif þess að nota kælimottu í geymslu og flutningi. Sýni voru gæðametin með skynmati, örveru- og efnamælingum. Fylgst var með hitastigi með hitasíritum. Roðkældir þorskhnakkar í frauðplastkössum voru fluttir til Bremerhaven með flugi og skipi þar sem þeim var endurpakkað í loft og loftskiptar pakkningar (MAP) og þær geymdar við 1 °C. Gerðar voru efna- og örverumælingar til að fylgjast með gæðabreytingum. Hitastig roðkældra hnakka var lægra en hinna fyrstu 2 daga tilraunarinnar. Kælimotturnar höfðu ákveðin áhrif til lækkunar hitastigs þegar hitasveiflur voru í ferlinu og lægri hiti hélst gegnum allan geymslutímann. Samt sem áður hafði notkunin ekki áhrif á lengd ferskleikatíma eða geymsluþols samkvæmt skynmati. Örverufjöldi var heldur lægri ef hitasveiflur urðu í ferlinum en lítill munur var við stöðugt hitastig. Geymsla við stöðugt, lágt hitastig (-1 °C) lengdi geymsluþol um ca. 3 daga samkvæmt skynmati og var það í samræmi við örverutalningar og mælingar á TVB-N og TMA. Í tilraunum í Bremerhaven kom fram að örverufjöldi var yfirleitt lægri þegar notaðar voru loftskiptar umbúðir í samanburði við fisk í lofti. Þetta var sérstaklega áberandi í flugfiskinum. Fiskurinn sem fluttur var með skipi geymdist samt jafn lengi og fiskurinn sem fluttur var með flugi. Þetta orsakast af því að flugfiskurinn varð fyrir meiri hitasveiflum í flutningi og yfirborðshiti hans mældist 4 °C við komuna til Bremerhaven. Flutningstími með skipi var miklu lengri (+48 klst) en yfirborðshiti mældist undir 2 °C við móttöku. Notkun kælimotta hafði lítil áhrif á hitastigið í flutningi en samt sem áður var yfirborðshiti aðeins lægri í fiski með kælimottum við komuna til Bremerhaven bæði með flugi og skipi.

The main aim of the experiment was to investigate the effects of different cooling techniques during processing and temperature fluctuations during transport on the storage life of cod loins with and without gel packs. The following cooling techniques were studied: combined blast and contact (CBC) cooling (with liquid cooling prior to the CBC cooling), only liquid cooling and where no special cooling was used prior to deskinning and trimming. The effect of real temperature simulation (RTS) during storage was compared to a steady storage temperature of -1 °C. The samples were analysed with sensory, microbial and chemical methods. The temperature was monitored from packaging using temperature loggers. CBC cooled loins were transported to Bremerhaven via air and ship freight after packaging in EPS boxes. The fish was repacked in air and modified atmosphere and stored at 1 °C. Deteriorative changes were evaluated by microbial and chemical indicators. CBC cooling resulted in a lower temperature profile the first two days of the experiment. The use of gel packs lowered somewhat the temperature increase in the products when RTS was applied and lower temperature was maintained during the entire storage period. According to sensory evaluation, the use of gel packs did not result in prolonged freshness period or shelf life. According to microbial and chemical analysis no marked difference was seen whether gel packs were used or not in groups stored at a steady temperature. However, microbial counts were somewhat lower and slower formation of TVB-N and TMA occurred in RTS groups where gel packs were used compared to no gel packs. Storage at a steady -1 °C resulted in prolonged shelf life of three days according to sensory evaluation. This was confirmed by microbial and chemical analysis as lower microbial counts, TVB-N and TMA values were generally obtained in the steady temperature group than in the group receiving the RTS treatment. The storage studies carried out at Bremerhaven on modified atmosphere vs. air packed loins showed generally lower microbial counts, especially in the air transported fish. Deterioration process of air and sea freight fish was however similar. Re-packaging of sea freight fish at a later stage did not significantly affect its deteriorative process compared to re-packed air freight fish. This might be due to the fact, that the air freight fish was subject to high temperatures during transport and surface temperature reached over 4 °C. The sea freight fish had a much longer transport phase, but arrived with surface temperatures below 2° C. This shows that not only the time of re-packaging but also the temperature profile during transport are important factors influencing the deteriorative process and shelf life. Gel packs did not have significant cooling effect in this experiment. However the surface temperature in boxes with a gel pack was slightly lower than in boxes without a gel pack independently of transport mode used.

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Skýrslur

Bacterial diversity in the processing environment of fish products / Fjölbreytileiki bakteríusamfélaga í vinnsluumhverfi fiskafurða

Útgefið:

01/03/2010

Höfundar:

Eyjólfur Reynisson, Sveinn Haukur Magnússon, Árni Rafn Rúnarsson, Viggó Þór Marteinsson

Styrkt af:

Tækniþróunarsjóður, AVS

Tengiliður

Viggó Marteinsson

Fagstjóri

viggo@matis.is

Bacterial diversity in the processing environment of fish products / Fjölbreytileiki bakteríusamfélaga í vinnsluumhverfi fiskafurða

Í skýrslunni er leitað svara við fjölbreytileika og tegundasamsetningu örvera í fiskvinnsluumhverfi. Rannsóknarvinnan hófst með uppsetningu og þróun aðferða til að skanna örverusamsetningu með sameindalíffræðilegum aðferðum og svo á seinni stigum var hafist handa við að skoða valin umhverfi úr fiskiðnaðinum.  Tvær fiskvinnslur voru heimsóttar, hvor um sig í tvígang þar sem úttekt var gerð á vinnslunni og u.þ.b. 20 sýni tekin í hverri ferð.    Í ljós kom fjölbreytt samfélag baktería þar sem þekktar skemmdarbakteríur voru í jafnan í háu hlutfalli ásamt ýmsum öðrum tegundum.    Örverutalningar sýndu fram á hátt magn baktería á yfirborðum vinnslulína á meðan á vinnslu stendur með fáa bakteríuhópa í yfirmagni en einnig fjölmargar aðrar tegundir í minna magni.    Helstu hópar baktería sem fundust tilheyra Photobacterium phosphoreum, sem var í hæsta hlutfallslegu magni heilt yfir í rannsókninni, ásamt Flavobacterium, Psychrobacter, Chryseobacter, Acinetobacter og Pseudoalteromonas. Allar þessar tegundir eru þekktar fiskibakteríur sem lifa í roði og þörmum lifandi fiska.  Þetta er fyrsta verkefnið sem vitað er um þar sem sameindalíffræðilegar aðferðir eru notaðar til að skanna bakteríuvistkerfi fiskvinnsluhúsa.   Hér hefur því verið lagður þekkingargrunnur að bakteríuvistkerfum við mismunandi aðstæður í fiskvinnslum sem mun nýtast til frambúðar við rannsóknir og þróun á bættum vinnsluferlum og geymsluaðferðum á fiski.

In this report we seek answers on diversity and species composition of bacteria in fish processing environment. The study initiated   method development to screen microbial systems using molecular methods followed by analysis of samples from 2 fish processing plants. This research shows the presence of a diverse microbial community in fish processing environment where known spoilage microorganisms are typically in high relative numbers along with various other bacterial species. Total viable counts showed the presence of bacteria in high numbers on processing surfaces during fish processing where few species typically dominated the community. Photobacterium phosphoreum was the most apparent species followed by genera such as Flavobacterium, Psychrobacter, Chryseobacter, Acinetobacter and Pseudoalteromonas. All these species are known fish associated bacteria that live on the skin and in the digestive tract of a living animal. To our knowledge, this is the first study where molecular methods are used to screen microbial communities in fish processing plants. This research has therefore contributed a database on bacterial diversity in fish processing plants that will be used in the future to improve processing and storage methods in the fish industry.

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