Skýrslur

Neytendakönnun um saltfisk: áhrif saltmagns á upplifun neytenda / Consumer liking of desalted cod containing different levels of salt concentration

Útgefið:

15/10/2025

Höfundar:

Kolbrún Sveinsdóttir, Aðalheiður Ólafsdóttir, Cecile Dargentolle

Styrkt af:

AG-Fisk, NORA

Tengiliður

Kolbrún Sveinsdóttir

Verkefnastjóri

kolbrun.sveinsdottir@matis.is

Saltfiskur hefur í aldaraðir verið ein mikilvægasta útflutningsvara Íslendinga og á sér djúpar rætur í sögu og matarmenningu þjóðarinnar. Þrátt fyrir það er þekking og neysla á saltfiski innanlands takmörkuð, einkum meðal yngri kynslóða. Neytendakönnun sem Matís framkvæmdi árið 2019 sýndi skýrt að áhugi og neysla minnkaði eftir aldri, og að saltfiskur væri oft talinn of saltur. Þessar niðurstöður vöktu þörf fyrir ítarlegri könnun á upplifun neytenda af saltfiski með mismunandi saltstyrk.

Í verkefninu Saltfiskkræsingar, sem er þriggja ára norrænt samstarf Íslands, Noregs og Færeyja, var framkvæmd neytendakönnun sumarið 2025. Markmið hennar var að kanna hvernig saltmagn í útvötnuðum saltfiski hefði áhrif á geðjun og upplifun neytenda, og hvort munur væri eftir aldri. Þátttakendur voru annars vegar 18–35 ára og hins vegar 55–75 ára. Alls tóku 106 þátt í könnuninni, og smökkðu saltfisk sem var mis saltur (~1,1%, ~1,7% og ~2,5%). Metin var heildargeðjun, saltbragð og hentugar matreiðsluaðferðir, auk þess sem þátttakendur svöruðu spurningum um þekkingu, reynslu og neysluvenjur tengdum saltfiski.

Niðurstöðurnar gefa mikilvægar vísbendingar um að útvatnaður saltfiskur sem inniheldur um ~2,5% salt sé of saltur, sérstaklega að mati yngri neytenda, en að ~1,1% saltstyrkur sé of lágur. Saltmagn hefur afgerandi áhrif á geðjun og um 1,7% saltstyrkur virðist vera hæfilegt jafnvægi milli bragðs, áferðar og væntinga neytenda. Mikil dreifing í svörum sýnir að ekki er til eitt „rétt“ saltmagn, heldur þarf að huga að fjölbreyttu vöruúrvali sem höfðar til ólíkra hópa. Þekkingar- og reynslumunur á milli kynslóða kallar á aukna fræðslu og kynningu, sérstaklega með áherslu á að gera saltfisk aðgengilegan og áhugaverðan fyrir yngra fólk.
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Salt-cured fish has long been one of Iceland’s most valuable export products, yet domestic knowledge and consumption remain limited, particularly among younger generations. A consumer survey conducted by Matís in 2019 indicated declining interest with age and frequent perceptions of the product as overly salty. To address these issues, a consumer test was carried out in 2025 within the Trendy-Cod project, a three-year Nordic collaboration between Iceland, Norway, and the Faroe Islands.

The consumer survey aimed to evaluate consumer perceptions of desalted fish with different salt levels and to identify potential generational differences. A total of 106 participants, aged 18–35 and 55–75, assessed fish samples with ~1.1%, ~1.7%, and ~2.5% residual salt. Participants rated overall liking, saltiness, and preferred cooking methods, and provided information on their knowledge and consumption habits. Findings show that salt level strongly influences liking. Fish with ~2.5% salt was often considered too salty, particularly by younger consumers, whereas ~1.1% was judged too bland. A concentration around 1.7% appears to represent the best compromise between taste, texture, and consumer expectations. The results highlight the need for diversified product ranges and improved education to increase acceptance, especially among younger consumers.

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Skýrslur

Myndun sveppaeiturefna í korni  – Ógn við matvælaöryggi? / Formation of mycotoxins in cereals – A challenge for food safety

Útgefið:

21/10/2025

Höfundar:

Ólafur Reykdal

Styrkt af:

Atvinnuvegaráðuneytið

Tengiliður

Ólafur Reykdal

Verkefnastjóri

olafur.reykdal@matis.is

Skýrsla þessi er greining á stöðu innlendrar þekkingar varðandi sveppaeiturefni (e. mycotoxins) í matvælum á Íslandi, sérstaklega korni. Sveppaeiturefni eru eiturefni sem myndast í sumum tegundum sveppa og eru alvarleg ógn við matvælaöryggi (e. food safety) vegna slæmra áhrifa á heilsu fólks. Sveppaeiturefni geta skaðað dýr og dregið úr afurðum í búfjárrækt.

Mjög takmörkuð gögn eru til um sveppaeiturefni í innlendu korni. Oftast sýna niðurstöður að engin eða fá sveppaeiturefni eru mælanleg í innlenda korninu. Sveppaeiturefni hafa mælst við eftirlit með innfluttu fóðri, yfirleitt í mjög litlu magni ef þau hafa greinst. Lagt hefur verið mat á sveppaeiturefni í fæðu Íslendinga með mælingum á þvagi. Í ljós kom að Íslendingar voru útsettir fyrir sveppaeiturefnum í samræmi við niðurstöður frá öðrum Evrópulöndum en gildi fyrir eitt efnið var þó lægra fyrir Ísland en hin löndin.

Vænta má veðurfarsbreytinga á Íslandi á komandi árum. Í kjölfar slíkra breytinga er viðbúið að breytingar verði á vexti sveppa í kornökrum og mögulegri myndun sveppaeiturefna. Einnig skiptir máli að stefnt er að aukinni kornrækt á Íslandi. Í ljósi þessa er mjög mikilvægt að rannsóknir fari fram á myndun sveppaeiturefna við íslenskar aðstæður til að tryggja öryggi kornsins bæði fyrir búfé og til manneldis.

Upplýsingar skortir um áhrif umhverfisaðstæðna á myndun sveppaeiturefna á Íslandi. Þörf er á að rannsaka samsetningu sveppaflórunnar í korni á akri og í geymslum. Leiða þarf í ljós hvaða áhrif íslenskar umhverfisaðstæður hafa á myndun þessara efna. Með þekkingu af þessu tagi verður hægt að beita sveppavarnarefnum (e. fungicides) markvisst og forðast óþarfa notkun þeirra.

Eftirlit með sveppaeiturefnum er enn of takmarkað á Íslandi. Nú þegar ætti að taka upp árlegt eftirlit með sveppaeiturefnum í innlendu og innfluttu korni í ljósi aukinnar áherslu á kornframleiðslu innanlands.
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This report is an analysis of the current state of domestic knowledge regarding mycotoxins in food in Iceland, particularly in cereals. Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by certain fungi and represent a serious threat to food safety due to their harmful effects on human health. Mycotoxins can also harm animals and reduce productivity in livestock production.

Very limited data are available on mycotoxins in domestic cereals. Most results indicate that no, or only few, mycotoxins are detectable in Icelandic grain. Mycotoxins have been detected during monitoring of imported feed, usually at very low levels if present. Human exposure to mycotoxins in Iceland has been assessed through measurements in urine. The results showed that Icelanders were exposed to mycotoxins at levels comparable to findings in other European countries, although values for one mycotoxin were lower in Iceland than elsewhere.

Climatic changes are expected in Iceland in the coming years. Such changes are likely to affect fungal growth in cereal fields and the potential formation of mycotoxins. Moreover, plans exist to increase cereal cultivation in Iceland. In light of this, it is of great importance to conduct research on the formation of mycotoxins under Icelandic conditions in order to ensure the safety of cereals, both for livestock feed and human consumption.

Information is lacking on the impact of environmental conditions on mycotoxin formation in Iceland. Research is needed on the composition of fungal communities in cereals in the field and during storage. It is also essential to determine how Icelandic environmental conditions influence the formation of these compounds. Such knowledge would enable the targeted use of fungicides and help to avoid unnecessary applications.

Monitoring of mycotoxins in Iceland is still too limited. Annual monitoring of mycotoxins in cereals should already be implemented, given the increasing emphasis on domestic cereal production.

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Fréttir

Sjálfbærari fiskveiðar og verndun vistkerfa

Hvernig eflum við sjálfbærar fiskveiðar og stuðlum að verndun sjávarvistkerfa?

Haraldur Arnar Einarsson, sérfræðingur á Hafrannsóknastofnun og Sveinn Margeirsson, framkvæmdastjóri nýsköpunar og loftlagsmála hjá Brim komu til okkar í Matvælið og ræddu meðal annars hafrannsóknir, sjálfbærar fiskveiðar, verndun vistkerfa og aðlögunarhæfni í sjávarútvegi.

MarineGuardian verkefnið hefur það að markmiði að efla sjálfbærar fiskveiðar og stuðla að verndun sjávarvistkerfa í Atlantshafi og Norðuríshafi, með aukinni þekkingu og þróun lausna sem draga úr meðafla, brottkasti, olíunotkun, neikvæðum áhrifum á botnvistkerfi, auka afla á sóknareiningu, og tryggja bætta gagnaöflun og úrvinnslu til ákvarðanatöku og framsetningu sjálfbærniskýrslna.

Skýrslur

The effect of dietary microalgae on growth and oxidative stress of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Útgefið:

13/08/2025

Höfundar:

Fredrik Marthinsen, David Sutter, Sven-Ole Meiske, Wolfgang Koppe, Georges Lamborelle

Tengiliður

Georges Lamborelle

Stöðvarstjóri tilraunaeldisstöðvar

georges@matis.is

Þessi skýrsla er lokuð / This report is closed.

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Ritrýndar greinar

Nutrient recovery from trout pond and catfish recirculating aquaculture systems through vermifiltration and composting

Tengiliður

Sven-Ole Meiske

Prófunarstjóri fiskeldisstöðvar Matís

sven-ole@matis.is

The particulate nutrient loads from fed aquaculture organisms are disposed of rather than being harnessed as a valuable nutrient resource. Vermifiltration and vermicomposting of solid wastes are promising approaches for minimising environmental impacts of aquaculture and optimizing productivity. The present study tested the suitability of particulate nutrient loads from a warm-water African catfish Clarias gariepinus aquaculture recirculation system and a cold-water rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss flow-through system as food sources for compost worms Eisenia fetida in a 6 wk controlled feeding trial. Throughout the experimental phase, the worms demonstrated a preference for utilizing aquaculture sludge as their primary food source, exhibiting growth and generating nutrient-rich vermicompost. Worms fed with catfish solids exhibited a higher growth rate. A mixed application of both solid types may enhance worm growth. Heavy metal analysis showed cadmium and lead levels within legal limits for feed use, suggesting no immediate safety barrier to including worm biomass in animal feed. However, while these findings support the potential use of worm meal as a feed ingredient, its efficacy as a fish meal substitute must be confirmed through feeding trials.

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“The arctic on the menu”: Introducing local seafood on Svalbard

Útgefið:

07/07/2025

Höfundar:

Grete Lorentzen - Nofima, Ingrid Kvalvik - Nofima, Thora Valsdottir - Matís, Kolbrun Sveinsdottir Matís & University of Iceland, Sten I. Siikavuopio - Nofima, Bjørn Tore Rotabakk - Nofima, Federico Lian - Nofima, Erling Haugan - Rantind, Brita Knudsen Dahl - Sørneset & Basecamp Explorer, Stein Ove Johannessen - Svalbard Hotel & Pole Position Logistics, Gustav Martinsen - Nofima

Styrkt af:

Research Council of Norway

Tengiliður

Kolbrún Sveinsdóttir

Verkefnastjóri

kolbrun.sveinsdottir@matis.is

Svalbard is situated in the north between mainland Norway and the North Pole. In the coming 10 years, the Snow crab (SC) and Red king crab (RKC) are assumed to establish themselves in the fjords around Svalbard. We have explored conditions for utilizing local SC and RKC in culinary dishes/experiences in Svalbard.

This will contribute to Svalbard’s sustainability as most of the food consumed is transported from mainland Norway. Workshops, test fishery, survey of the tourists’ interest, and development of culinary dishes were performed. Furthermore, we have described the biological, practical, and regulatory conditions for local harvesting, processing, and live holding of the crabs in Svalbard. The survey revealed that most tourists did not know SC or RKC. Still, they were interested in local food, including crabs. Challenges have been identified and solutions proposed to ensure that when SC and RKC are present in the Svalbard fjords, a local, sustainable pot fishery can provide locally caught crabs, offering tourists a “taste of the Arctic”.

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Skýrslur

The use of dietary nucleotides to improve skin health in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Útgefið:

30/06/2025

Höfundar:

David Sutter, Sven-Ole Meiske, Wolfgang Koppe, Georges Lamborelle

Tengiliður

Sven-Ole Meiske

Prófunarstjóri fiskeldisstöðvar Matís

sven-ole@matis.is

Þessi skýrsla er lokuð / This report is closed.

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Ritrýndar greinar

Evaluation of partial dry-bleeding of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and its effects on fillet quality and stability

Tengiliður

Hildur Inga Sveinsdóttir

Verkefnastjóri

hilduringa@matis.is

Salmonid blood is an abundant by-product of the relatively large and growing salmonid industry in Iceland and has recently gained increased interest as a source of diverse valuable compounds. Blood collection has posed a challenge due to the delicate nature of both the blood and the currently most valuable final product of the salmonid industry, the fillets. This study examined the efficiency of partial dry-bleeding Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) related to blood recovery and its potential effects on fillet quality compared to traditional bleeding. The quality of fillets was assessed based on parameters, including sensory attributes, physiochemical, and microbial properties for both partially dry-bled and traditionally bled salmon. The results indicated that partial dry-bleeding for 4.5 min effectively recovered blood equal to 1–2 % of the live weight of Atlantic salmon, 75 % of which was obtainable in the first minute and 90 % during the first 2 min. Aside from possibly causing a slight increase in gaping in the fillet, partial dry-bleeding neither affected the flesh quality of fresh salmon compared to traditional bleeding nor following prolonged storage on ice post slaughter. These results provide valuable insight into salmon blood collection practices and preservation treatments for its utilization potential as a valuable resource.

Skýrslur

Antibody response trial in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Útgefið:

12/05/2025

Höfundar:

David Sutter, Sven-Ole Meiske, Wolfgang Koppe, Georges Lamborelle

Tengiliður

Georges Lamborelle

Stöðvarstjóri tilraunaeldisstöðvar

georges@matis.is

Þessi skýrsla er lokuð / This report is closed.

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Skýrslur

The effects of the Icelandic demersal trawling fleet renewal on product carbon footprint / Áhrif endurnýjunar fiskiskipaflotans á kolefnisspor afurða

Útgefið:

27/05/2025

Höfundar:

Guðrún Svana Hilmarsdóttir, Jónas R. Viðarsson, Birgir Örn Smárason, Sæmundur Elíasson, Ólafur Ögmundarson

Styrkt af:

The AVS fund, the Icelandic Food Innovation Fund / Matvælasjóður and the Research fund of the University of Iceland

Tengiliður

Jónas Rúnar Viðarsson

Sviðsstjóri Rannsókna og Nýsköpunar

jonas@matis.is

This report presents the background, implementation, results and discussions connected to a peer-reviewed scientific journal article published in the Journal of Cleaner Production in November 2024. Scientific journals have strict requirements regarding the length of articles, and therefore it was not possible to present all the details that the authors would have liked in the paper. This report therefore provides additional information that was not included in.
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There has been a major renewal of the Icelandic trawler fleet since the turn of the century, while the number of such vessels has decreased by almost half. It has been claimed that the new vessels are much more fuel-efficient and that the carbon footprint of the products must therefore have decreased as results. Data on oil imports to fishing vessels seem to support these claims.

To better analyse the impacts of the fleet renewal on the carbon footprint of fish catches, several representatives from the Icelandic bottom trawler sector joined forces with experts from Matís, the University of Iceland and the University of Akureyri that work on assessing the environmental impacts in production systems. Data was collected from 11 trawlers over a 10-year period and a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology was applied to analyse their carbon footprint per unit of catch, and then a comparison was made between older and newer vessels to examine if there is a statistically significant difference. The vessels in the sample were chosen to provide a good cross-section of the Icelandic bottom-trawl fleet in terms of size, age, catch composition and location around the country. The sample included four new vessels that were purchased to replace older vessels, i.e. a comparison was made between old and newer vessels from the same fishing company, with the same catch quotas and even the same crew.

The results of the analysis revealed that the renewal of the trawl fleet alone has not had a significant impact on the carbon footprint per unit of catch. Three of the four new vessels examined did not show lower carbon footprint than the older vessels they replaced. The fourth vessel, however, showed a significant reduction in the carbon footprint, but that may be because it replaced two older vessels. The most likely explanation is therefore that since the catch quotas of two vessels were combined on one new vessel, it is the quota status and fishing pattern that had the dominant effect, rather than the age of the vessels. These results consistent with previous studies in Iceland, which have shown that the state of fish stocks, catch quotas, and fishing patterns are by far the most important factors when it comes to greenhouse gas emissions per unit of catch. Thus, the concentration of catch quotas and the reduction in the number of vessels have had a decisive effect on reducing the carbon footprint, rather than fleet renewal. However, it is worth bearing in mind that comparisons between years can be difficult as stock abundance and distribution, as well as catch patterns can vary greatly from year to year.

The results of the life cycle analysis also provided information on the average carbon footprint per unit of catch for the vessels in the sample. This is very important information, as such a comprehensive analysis of the carbon footprint of bottom-trawl catches has not been carried out in Iceland before. Previous data only covered individual trawlers over much shorter periods. The results show that the carbon footprint of a landed cod catch is 0.7 kg CO2 equivalent/kg catch, 0.8 kg when the carbon footprint is allocated to the edible part of the catch, and 4.5 kg when it is allocated to protein content of the edible parts. Similar results were shown for haddock and saithe, but the carbon footprint of redfish is much higher as the fishing itself is more energy-intensive and the utilisation for human consumption is much lower. These results are similar to comparable studies that have been conducted in recent years in the countries the Icelandic seafood industry prefers to compare with. When these values are compared to other protein sources, it is clear that Icelandic bottom-trawl catches are among the protein sources in the world with the lowest carbon footprint. For example, poultry has more than 12 times the carbon footprint per protein unit than the Icelandic cod, pork has 17 times the footprint, and beef has 80 times the footprint. It should be noted, however, that these are global averages.

It should be noted that the life cycle analysis only covered the fishing part of the value chain and that it did not take into account the effects that have been shown in previous studies to have a negligible effect on the carbon footprint of trawling. It also did not take into account the effects of trawling on the seabed, although in recent years it has been suggested that trawling releases large amounts of CO2 that is captured in bottom sediments. However, the scientific community has not agreed on what these effects actually are. The analysis was carried out in accordance with international standards, ISO 14044, and the results are therefore fully comparable with other studies where the same standards have been followed.

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IS