Merki: Geymsluþol

Skýrslur

Combined Blast and Contact cooling — Effects on physiochemical characteristics of fresh haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) fillets

Útgefið:

01/06/2008

Höfundar:

Magnea Guðrún Arnþórsdóttir, Sigurjón Arason, Björn Margeirsson

Styrkt af:

Tækniþróunarsjóður, AVS

Tengiliður

Sigurjón Arason

Yfirverkfræðingur

sigurjon.arason@matis.is

Combined Blast and Contact cooling — Effects on physiochemical characteristics of fresh haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) fillets

Skaginn hf. hefur einkaleyfi á nýrri vinnslutækni við vinnslu ferskra og frystra flaka sem byggist á svonefndri roðkælingu fyrir roðflettingu. Tilgangur þessa rannsóknarverkefnis var að bera saman flakavinnslu með roðkælingu og hefðbundna flakavinnslu. Í verkefninu eru borin saman annars vegar fersk flök og roðkæld flök með tillit til nýtingar, gæða og geymsluþols. Tvær tilraunir voru framkvæmdar, annars vegar tilraun I þar sem vatnsheldni, gæði, suðunýting og útlit voru skoðuð, og hins vegar tilraun II þar sem þessir sömu þættir voru skoðaðir auk þess sem skoðuð var áhrif roðkælingar á aukið geymsluþol ferskrar og frosinnar ýsu. Tilraunirnar voru framkvæmdar hjá Festi ehf. í Hafnarfirði. Meginniðurstöður þessara rannsókna sýndu að flakavinnsla með roðkælingu hefur fleiri kosti en hin hefðbundna flakavinnsla. Roðkælingin gefur hærri nýtingu og verðmætari afurðir með lengra geymsluþol. Aukið geymsluþol fersks fisks gefur aukinn möguleika á útflutningi sem er mjög mikilvægt fyrir fiskiðnaðinn.

The aim of the project was to compare a new processing technique, CBC, with traditional processing of haddock fillets. In the latter the fillets go through the process without additional refrigeration. In the new processing technique, CBC, the fillets, after filleting and pre-trimming, go through pre-cooler/fluid-ice followed by CBC super-chilling. Two trials were performed, a preliminary experiment (I) and a main experiment (II). In the preliminary experiment (I), water holding capacity, quality and cooking yield were examined. In the main experiment (II) these same factors were examined, in addition to the superchilling effect on extended shelf-life of fresh and frozen haddock fillets. After the pre-cooler step, the fillets gained weight with yields of 101.6% to 102.7%. After the CBC super-chilling the fillets had final yields of 100.3% to 101.2%. After skinning, the fillets without refrigeration (traditional processing) lost most weight. The highest value of cooking yield was obtained in CBC super-chilled fillets with skin. Skinless traditional and CBC super-chilled fillets showed similar cooking yield (P>0.05). CBC super-chilling increased the total yield of the fillets. The difference between the traditional fillets and the super-chilled fillets was significant. The appearance of the CBC super-chilled fillets was much better and with less gaping than the traditional fillets. The traditional fillets had more ragged outlines, and the ratio of cut-offs after fine-trimming was therefore higher for the traditional fillets than the CBC super-chilled fillets. Appearance of the traditional fillets showed a little yellow tinge which increased during the storage time. The CBC super-chilled fillets had a whiter and more “fresh” appearance and were therefore more attractive. Examination of total bacterial count, and amount of TMA and TVN showed that the CBC super-chilling process can extend the shelf life of fresh haddock fillets.

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Skýrslur

Áhrif undirkælingar á saltupptöku við pæklun þorskhnakkastykkja (Gadus morhua)

Útgefið:

01/06/2008

Höfundar:

Ragnhildur Einarsdóttir, María Guðjónsdóttir, Sigurjón Arason

Styrkt af:

Rannsóknasjóður Rannís

Tengiliður

Sigurjón Arason

Yfirverkfræðingur

sigurjon.arason@matis.is

Áhrif undirkælingar á saltupptöku við pæklun þorskhnakkastykkja (Gadus morhua)

Saltupptaka og geymsluþol roð- og beinlausra flakabita þorsks (Gadus morhua) var rannsakað við mismunandi hitastig. Saltupptaka var skoðuð við 0,5°C, -2°C og 5°C. Niðurstöður benda til þess að fiskvöðvi taki upp salt hraðar við -2°C en 5°C og saltupptaka gerist hraðast fyrstu 5 mínúturnar. Þegar leitað er eftir því að lokastyrkur salts sé 0,6% þá er 4% saltpækill æskilegastur. Við geymsluþolstilraun var hitastigið 0°C annars vegar og – 2°C hins vegar. Geymsluþol flakabita sem geymdir voru við -2°C reyndust hafa 3-4 daga lengri geymsluþol en þeir sem geymdir voru við 0°C. Ensímvirkni, nánar tiltekið trypsínlík próteasavirkni var skoðuð í ofurkældum fiskvöðva. Fiskvöðvi með 0,5% saltinnihald geymdur við -2°C reyndist hafa hærri virkni en aðrir hópar. Rannsóknin bendir til að áhugavert væri að skoða samspil meðhöndlunar, hitastigs og ensíma nánar.

The salt uptake during brining and shelf life of skinless and boneless cod loins (Gadus morhua) was investigated at different temperatures. The salt uptake was studied at 0.5°C, -2°C and 5°C. The results show that the salt uptake of the cod muscle is faster at -2°C than at 5°C and that the salt uptake is fastest during the first 5 minutes. When aiming for a salt concentration of 0.6% in the muscle during brining it is optimal to use a 4% salt brine. In the shelf life study, samples were stored at 0°C and -2°C. The cod loins stored at -2°C showed 3-4 days longer shelf life than samples stored at 0°C. Enzymatic activity, or trypsine like protease activity to be more precise was studied in the superchilled muscle. Cod muscle with 0.5% salt and stored at -2°C showed higher activity than other groups. The study shows that there is a need for further studies on the combined effects of processing and storage temperatures on enzymatic activity.

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Skýrslur

Geymsluþolstilraunir á þorskbitum: Áhrif ofurkælingar á salt- og próteinsprautaðan þorskvöðva

Útgefið:

01/12/2007

Höfundar:

María Guðjónsdóttir, Kolbrún Sveinsdóttir, Hannes Magnússon, Sigurjón Arason

Styrkt af:

Rannsóknasjóður Rannís

Tengiliður

Kolbrún Sveinsdóttir

Verkefnastjóri

kolbrun.sveinsdottir@matis.is

Geymsluþolstilraunir á þorskbitum: Áhrif ofurkælingar á salt- og próteinsprautaðan þorskvöðva

Samþáttuð kælirannsókn fór fram um áhrif söltunar, próteinsprautunar og undirkælingar á gæði, efna- og eðliseiginleika salt- og próteinsprautaðs þorskvöðva. Rannsóknin sýnir að með sprautun salts og próteina í vöðva má bæta nýtingu, minnka drip og auka suðunýtingu vöðvans. Á móti kemur að sprautun salts og próteina í vöðva eykur örveruvöxt og myndun reikulla basa og styttir þannig geymsluþol afurðarinnar. Með því að lækka geymsluhitastig mátti þó hamla vöxt örvera og myndun reikulla basa. Oflækkun geymsluhitastigs leiddi hins vegar til frumuskemmda vegna ísmyndunar á yfirborði óháð saltstyrk í vöðvanum. Því þykir ekki æskilegt að geyma ferskan eða léttsaltaðan þorskvöðva við hitastig lægri en -2°C. Einnig voru áhrif þess að skola sýnin í pækilbaði eftir sprautun könnuð. Slík skolun hafði ekki marktæk áhrif á vatnsog saltinnihald eða nýtni sýnanna, en sýndi hins vegar minnkun á myndun reikulla basa. Því þykir æskilegt að flök séu skoluð í pækli að lokinni sprautun til að hamla skemmdarferla að fremsta megni. Skynmatsniðurstöður sýndu að eiginleikar vöðvans breyttust marktækt við sprautun salts og próteina í vöðvann, en sprautaðir hóparnir misstu ferskleikaeinkenni sín fyrr en ferski ómeðhöndlaði viðmiðunarhópurinn.

A combined cooling experiment was performed on the effect of salting, protein injection and superchilling on the quality and physicochemical properties of brine and protein injected cod muscle. The study showed that brine and protein injections lead to increased processing and cooking yield, as well as decreased drip. Injection of salt and proteins increase on the other hand microbiological growth and the formation of volatile nitrogen bases, which in turn leads to shorter shelf life. By lowering the storage temperature this growth of microorganisms and volatile nitrogen bases could be decreased. If the storage temperature is kept too low this on the other hand led to cell damages due to ice crystallization on the muscle surface, independent on the salt content of the muscle. It is therefore not recommended to store fresh and light salted cod at temperatures below -2°C. The study also viewed the effect of brining the muscle after brine and protein injection. This brining had no significant effect on the salt or water content of the muscle but decreased the amount of volatile bases. It is therefore recommended that cod muscle is always washed in brine after injection to keep damaging processes at a minimum. Sensory analysis showed a significant difference between the characteristics of brine and protein injected samples to unprocessed cod muscle. The injected groups also lost their freshness characteristics earlier than the unprocessed control group.

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Skýrslur

Geymsluþolstilraunir á þorskbitum: Áhrif ofurkælingar, pæklunar og gaspökkunar á gæðabreytingar og geymsluþol / Storage trials on cod loins: Effect of superchilling, brining and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on quality changes and sensory shelf-life

Útgefið:

01/05/2007

Höfundar:

Hannes Magnússon, Hélène L. Lauzon, Kolbrún Sveinsdóttir, Ása Þorkelsdóttir, Birna Guðbjörnsdóttir, Emilía Martinsdóttir, Guðrún Ólafsdóttir, María Guðjónsdóttir, Sigurður Bogason, Sigurjón Arason

Styrkt af:

AVS rannsóknasjóður í sjávarútvegi, Tækniþróunarsjóður (Rannís)

Tengiliður

Kolbrún Sveinsdóttir

Verkefnastjóri

kolbrun.sveinsdottir@matis.is

Geymsluþolstilraunir á þorskbitum: Áhrif ofurkælingar, pæklunar og gaspökkunar á gæðabreytingar og geymsluþol / Storage trials on cod loins: Effect of superchilling, brining and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on quality changes and sensory shelf-life

Markmið þessara tilrauna var að meta áhrif ofurkælingar, lofskiptra umbúða (MAP) og pæklunar á gæðabreytingar og geymsluþol þorskbita. Þá voru könnuð áhrif gaspökkunar og mismunandi geymsluhita á vöxt nokkurra sýkla og bendiörvera. Tilraunin var framkvæmd í október 2006 hjá Samherja á Dalvík. Eftir lageringu (0,6 og 2% salt) var fiskurinn snyrtur og hnakkastykkjum pakkað annars vegar í hefðbundnar 3 kg frauðplastpakkningar (loftpökkun) og hins vegar í loftskiptar umbúðir. Gasblandan var stillt á 50% CO2, 5% O2 og 45% N2. Þrír bitar (350- 550g) voru settir í hvern bakka með þerrimottu. Eftir pökkun var sýnunum komið fyrir í frystihermum Matís sem stilltir voru á 0°C, -2°C og -4°C. Sýnin voru rannsökuð yfir fjögurra vikna geymslutímabil. Skynmat, örverutalningar og efnamælingar voru notaðar til að meta gæðabreytingar og geymsluþol. Pæklaður (2% salt) fiskur geymdist skemur en ópæklaðir (0,6% salt). Samanburður á örverufjölda daginn eftir pökkun sýndi að pæklaði fiskurinn innihélt tífalt meira af kuldaþolnum örverum en ópæklaður. Samkvæmt skynmati var geymsluþol pæklaða fisksins við -2°C 12-15 dagar í bæði loft- og gaspökkuðum bitum. Í ópæklaða fiskinum voru áhrif gaspökkunar og ofurkælingar greinileg. Geymsluþol loftpakkaðra bita var um 11 dagar við 0°C en 14-15 dagar við -2°C. Geymsluþol gaspakkaðra bita var hins vegar um 15 dagar við 0°C en um 21 dagur við -2°C. Ofurkæling ferskra ópæklaðra fiskafurða í loftskiptum umbúðum getur því aukið geymsluþol verulega. Gaspökkun dró verulega úr vaxtarhraða sýkla og bendiörvera við lágt hitastig. Mest voru áhrifin á vöxt Salmonella, þá á Escherichia coli en minnst á Listeria monocytogenes. Við loftskilyrði óx L. monocytogenes við -2°C, en E. coli byrjaði að fjölga sér við 5°C og Salmonella við 10°C.

The aim of these experiments was to evaluate the effect of superchilling, modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and brining on the quality changes and sensory shelf-life of cod loins. The effect of MAP and different storage temperatures on some pathogenic and indicator bacteria was also tested. These experiments were initiated in October 2006 at Samherji, Dalvík. After brining (0,6 og 2% salt) the fish fillets were trimmed, and loins packed on one hand in 3 kg styrofoam boxes (air) and on the other in MA. The gas mixture used was 50% CO2, 5% O2 and 45% N2. Three pieces (350-550 g) were placed in each tray with an absorbing mat. After packaging the samples were placed in 3 coolers at Matís which were adjusted to 0°C, -2°C and -4°C. Samples were examined over a four-week period. Sensory analysis, microbial counts and chemical measurements were used to determine the quality changes and shelf-life. Brined loins had a shorter shelf-life than unbrined (0,6% salt). Comparison on numbers of microorganisms the day after packaging revealed that the brined pieces contained ten times more microbes than the unbrined ones. According to sensory analysis the shelf-life of the brined loins at -2°C was 12-15 days for both air- and MA-packed fish. In the unbrined loins the effects of superchilling and MAP were obvious. The shelf-life of air-packed loins was about 11 days at 0°C and 14-15 days at -2°C. The shelf-life of MA-packed loins was about 15 days at 0°C but 21 days at -2°C. Superchilling of unbrined fish under MA can therefore increase the keeping quality considerably. MA-packaging clearly decreased the growth rate of pathogenic and indicator bacteria at low storage temperatures. Most effects were seen with Salmonella, then Escherichia coli but least with Listeria monocytogenes. In fact, L. monocytogenes could grow at -2°C under aerobic conditions, while proliferation of E. coli was first observed at 5°C but 10°C for Salmonella.

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