Reports

Fitusprenging í íslensku lambakjöti / Marbling of Icelandic lamb meat

Published:

04/11/2025

Authors:

Guðjón Þorkelsson, Aðalheiður Ólafsdóttir, Cecile Dargentolle og Óli Þór Hilmarsson

Supported by:

Sheep farming development capital

Contact

Guðjón Þorkelsson

Strategic Scientist

gudjon.thorkelsson@matis.is

Haldið var áfram að kanna fitusprengingu og áhrif hennar á bragðgæði lambakjöts á Íslandi. Þróaður var myndakvarði til að meta fitusprengingu í lambavöðvum og hann notaður við mat á um 500 kældum skrokkum frá þremur ræktunarbúum í sláturhúsum haustið 2023. Einnig voru tekin sýni af hryggvöðvum og innanvöðvafita mæld í þeim með NIR-mælingu. Tekin var saman skýrsla um hraðvirkar aðferðir við mælingar á innanvöðvafitu í lambavöðvum. Skynmat var gert á 52 sýnum af lambahryggvöðva til að kanna áhrif fituflokka (2,2 og 3+ samkvæmt reglum  Evrópusambandsins) og kyns á bragð, lykt og áferð.

Erfitt var vegna lítillar fitusprengingar að nota myndakvarða til að meta fitusprengingu í hryggvöðvum lamba.  Fylgni á milli sjónmats og NIR mælinga var of lítil til að hægt sé að nota sjónmatið með áreiðanlegum hætti.  Aðhvarfslíking var þróuð fyrir NIR mælingu sem mældi fitu með sæmilegri nákvæmni.  Í sumum tilfellum en ekki öllum var munur á milli hrútlamba og gimbrarlamba í fitu í hryggvöðva. Meðalfita í hryggvöðva lamba eftir bæjum var 2,0%, 2,3% og 3.0%.   Fita í hryggvöðva var á bilinu 0,4 – 8,0 % þ.e. töluverður breytileiki og hærri gildi en í fyrri mælingum. Munur á innanvöðvafitu á milli gimbrarlamda og hrútlamba var enginn á einu búi (2,01% og 1,99%) og seinni slátrun á öðru búi ( 3,11% á móti 3,07%) en töluverður á tveimur búum ( 2,94% á móti 1,99% og 2,90% á móti 2,10%).

Hryggvöðvar lamba úr fituflokki 3+ höfðu tilhneigingu til að vera örlítið mýkri, safaríkari og meyrari en kjöt af lömbum úr fituflokkum 2 og ‑2. Niðurstaðan var ekki eins afgerandi niðurstaða og í svipaðri tilraun sem gerð var árið 2022. Kjöt af hrútlömbum hafði meiri fitulykt og þyngri lykt, og hafði einnig tilhneigingu til að hafa meiri súra lykt, meira fitu- og lifrarbragð, og vera þurrara en kjöt af gimbrarlömbum.

Upplýsingar um  fitusprengingu í íslensku lambakjöti eru enn of takmarkaðar til að fá svör við því hvort taka eigi fitusprengingu inn í kynbótamarkmið. Ávinningur verkefnisins er fyrst og fremst reynsla, þekking og upplýsingar sem nýtast við frekari rannsóknir varðandi ræktunarstarf, vinnslu lambaskrokka og markaðssetningu lambakjöts.
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Four-point visual grading scale was used to evaluate marbling in loin muscles (m.l. dorsi) in chilled carcases of 500 lambs from three breeding farms.  Correlation with NIR analyses of intramuscular fat was low.  More training and development of NIR methodology is needed for future research and breeding for higher intramuscular fat.  Analysed intramuscular fat was between 0,4 and 8% and the average for the three farms was 2,0%, 2,3% and 3% respectively with great variation within each group. So, there may be a potential for genetic selection for higher intramuscular fat.

The influence of EUROP carcass fat grade (2, 2 and 3+) of slaughter lambs on eating quality of loin muscles (m l.dorsi) was studied.  Samples of loin muscles of carcases of ewe and ram lambs were evaluated using descriptive sensory analysis to determine eating quality.  No differences in eating quality attributes between fat grades were observed but meat from grade 3+ had the tendency to be a little juicier, softer and more tender.

The first aim of the project was to gather information and develop methodology and gain experience to be able to the answer if intramuscular fat should be a breeding goal to improve eating quality of Icelandic lamb meat.  That is too early to say. Much more work needs to be done, and information are still too limited to say so. 

Meat from ram lambs had stronger odour (fatty and heavy) the meat from ewe lambs.  No gender differences in intramuscular fat were observed in between ewe lambs and ram lambs (2,01% vs 1,99%) from two farms (2,01% versus1,99% 3,11% versus 3,07%) while a difference was observed at two farms ( 2,94% versus 1,99% and 2,90% versus 2,10%).  

The second aim was to determine if by implementing subgroups of fat grades of carcases the meat could be more separated into quality groups for processing and marketing purposes.  About 85% of the lamb carcases produced in Iceland are within main fat groups 2 and 3.   Subgroup 3+ might be 15% of the total production. Meat from that group had tendency to be juicier and more tender supporting results from the year 2022.  

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Reports

On line technologies to measure intramuscular fat in lamb carcasses

Published:

04/12/2024

Authors:

Guðjón Þorkelsson

Supported by:

Sheep farming development capital

Contact

Guðjón Þorkelsson

Strategic Scientist

gudjon.thorkelsson@matis.is

Fat explosion has not been measured during the quality assessment of lamb and ewe carcasses because it is not possible to visually assess muscle since the carcasses are not cut after cooling in slaughterhouses. It is changing. Australia, the world's largest lamb exporter, has adopted intramuscular fat as a breeding target. In order to breed and pay farmers for fat in the muscles of lamb carcasses, fast and automatic measurements of hot carcasses on the slaughter line are needed. Meat and Livestock Australia and public bodies have supported the development and testing of meters based on different technologies. One meter has been certified and is being tested/used in several abattoirs in Australia and New Zealand. The meter is from Meqprobe and is based on probes being inserted into the warm back muscle on the slaughter line, which assess intramuscular fat using laser technology.

Other measures, such as optical imaging (OCT), based on the adaptation of needles used in medical imaging to measure intramuscular fat and other properties, and magnetic resonance imaging (NMR) are still under development.

The purpose of including intramuscular fat in the quality assessment is to make lamb meat from Australia stand out in demanding markets in other countries that are willing to pay a higher price for higher taste quality.

We are considering whether to breed for intramuscular fat in Icelandic sheep. Conditions in Iceland are completely different from Australia, where about 25 million lambs are slaughtered per year, the age at slaughter is 6-8 months, the average weight is 25 kg, and about 70% of the production is sold abroad. The slaughterhouses in Iceland might be too small to cover the costs of an objective assessment of muscle fat, and there is also a question as to whether it serves any purpose both for farmers and different markets. Another option is to focus on breeding and measure intramuscular fat in the back muscles of lambs from progeny research farms the day after slaughter in cold slaughterhouses. The carcasses would then have to be cut to access the spinal muscles of the lambs and NIR meters or imaging should be used to measure fat in the muscles.

The NIR meter from the company SOMA OPT has been certified in Australia to measure intramuscular fat in the spinal muscles of lamb carcasses. Imaging equipment for beef is also being adapted to lamb meat. It is also interesting to observe the development of technology for image analysis with ordinary mobile phones.

It is also interesting to see if it will be possible to use ultrasound on live cattle to tell about intramuscular fat. This report is a summary of the development of instrumentation in relation to intramuscular fat in lambs in Australia and New Zealand. It is part of the project "Fat blasting in lamb meat", which is funded by Development Fund for Sheep Farming.
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Marbling of muscle is now a sheep breeding objective in Australia and New Zealand. Marbling has in breeding programs been evaluated in the loin muscles of carcasses of lambs from progeny testing either by sampling muscle for chemical analysis or measuring samples or muscle surfaces by Near Infrared Reflectance (NIR) instruments. Rapid, accurate and reliable techniques for measuring intramuscular fat in loin muscles of lamb carcasses are needed if it is to be included in the price to farmers, grading and further processing and marketing. This is being done in Australia and New Zealand. Different technologies have been developed and tested with the support of MLA (Meat and Livestock Australia).

Online technologies of interest include:

"MEQ (Meat Eating Quality) probe" is an industry applicable technology to estimate intramuscular fat (IMF) percent in lamb by inserting laser-based probes in the loin muscle of hot carcasses. It has been granted conditional AUS-MEAT accreditation to measure IMF% in hot lamb carcasses and is being used and tested in abattoirs in Australia and New Zealand.

The start up company Miniprobes has developed a needle with a fiber optic probe to measure IMF based on optical coherence tomography (OCT).

The company AMPC is developing the Marbl™ technology using a single-sided nuclear magnetic resonance sensor alongside the longissimus muscle to capture IMF measurements without penetrating the carcass.

NIR analyzer from the company SOMA OPT has been accredited Australia for estimating intramuscular fat in lamb loin muscles. It is based on cut carcass technology which can be used in research and progeny testing.

Including intramuscular fat as a breeding goal in sheep production in Iceland is being considered. It is still too early to say if it is feasible. Data must be collected from progeny testing for many years using the SOM OPT NIR meter or similar tools to see if there is enough genetic variation to justify intramuscular fat as a breeding objective. The small size of sheep production in Iceland with around 400 thousand lambs slaughtered in 8 weeks each year in 3-4 abattoirs will probably make it too expensive to adapt sophisticated online technologies to measure and use intramuscular fat to control and improve the eating quality of the meat.

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