Reports

Myndun sveppaeiturefna í korni  – Ógn við matvælaöryggi? / Formation of mycotoxins in cereals – A challenge for food safety

Published:

21/10/2025

Authors:

Ólafur Reykdal

Supported by:

Atvinnuvegaráðuneytið

Contact

Ólafur Reykdal

Project Manager

olafur.reykdal@matis.is

Skýrsla þessi er greining á stöðu innlendrar þekkingar varðandi sveppaeiturefni (e. mycotoxins) í matvælum á Íslandi, sérstaklega korni. Sveppaeiturefni eru eiturefni sem myndast í sumum tegundum sveppa og eru alvarleg ógn við matvælaöryggi (e. food safety) vegna slæmra áhrifa á heilsu fólks. Sveppaeiturefni geta skaðað dýr og dregið úr afurðum í búfjárrækt.

Mjög takmörkuð gögn eru til um sveppaeiturefni í innlendu korni. Oftast sýna niðurstöður að engin eða fá sveppaeiturefni eru mælanleg í innlenda korninu. Sveppaeiturefni hafa mælst við eftirlit með innfluttu fóðri, yfirleitt í mjög litlu magni ef þau hafa greinst. Lagt hefur verið mat á sveppaeiturefni í fæðu Íslendinga með mælingum á þvagi. Í ljós kom að Íslendingar voru útsettir fyrir sveppaeiturefnum í samræmi við niðurstöður frá öðrum Evrópulöndum en gildi fyrir eitt efnið var þó lægra fyrir Ísland en hin löndin.

Vænta má veðurfarsbreytinga á Íslandi á komandi árum. Í kjölfar slíkra breytinga er viðbúið að breytingar verði á vexti sveppa í kornökrum og mögulegri myndun sveppaeiturefna. Einnig skiptir máli að stefnt er að aukinni kornrækt á Íslandi. Í ljósi þessa er mjög mikilvægt að rannsóknir fari fram á myndun sveppaeiturefna við íslenskar aðstæður til að tryggja öryggi kornsins bæði fyrir búfé og til manneldis.

Upplýsingar skortir um áhrif umhverfisaðstæðna á myndun sveppaeiturefna á Íslandi. Þörf er á að rannsaka samsetningu sveppaflórunnar í korni á akri og í geymslum. Leiða þarf í ljós hvaða áhrif íslenskar umhverfisaðstæður hafa á myndun þessara efna. Með þekkingu af þessu tagi verður hægt að beita sveppavarnarefnum (e. fungicides) markvisst og forðast óþarfa notkun þeirra.

Eftirlit með sveppaeiturefnum er enn of takmarkað á Íslandi. Nú þegar ætti að taka upp árlegt eftirlit með sveppaeiturefnum í innlendu og innfluttu korni í ljósi aukinnar áherslu á kornframleiðslu innanlands.
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This report is an analysis of the current state of domestic knowledge regarding mycotoxins in food in Iceland, particularly in cereals. Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by certain fungi and represent a serious threat to food safety due to their harmful effects on human health. Mycotoxins can also harm animals and reduce productivity in livestock production.

Very limited data are available on mycotoxins in domestic cereals. Most results indicate that no, or only few, mycotoxins are detectable in Icelandic grain. Mycotoxins have been detected during monitoring of imported feed, usually at very low levels if present. Human exposure to mycotoxins in Iceland has been assessed through measurements in urine. The results showed that Icelanders were exposed to mycotoxins at levels comparable to findings in other European countries, although values for one mycotoxin were lower in Iceland than elsewhere.

Climatic changes are expected in Iceland in the coming years. Such changes are likely to affect fungal growth in cereal fields and the potential formation of mycotoxins. Moreover, plans exist to increase cereal cultivation in Iceland. In light of this, it is of great importance to conduct research on the formation of mycotoxins under Icelandic conditions in order to ensure the safety of cereals, both for livestock feed and human consumption.

Information is lacking on the impact of environmental conditions on mycotoxin formation in Iceland. Research is needed on the composition of fungal communities in cereals in the field and during storage. It is also essential to determine how Icelandic environmental conditions influence the formation of these compounds. Such knowledge would enable the targeted use of fungicides and help to avoid unnecessary applications.

Monitoring of mycotoxins in Iceland is still too limited. Annual monitoring of mycotoxins in cereals should already be implemented, given the increasing emphasis on domestic cereal production.

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Reports

Fungicides and the MYCONET project / Mycotoxins and the MYCONET project

Published:

01/12/2008

Authors:

Ólafur Reykdal

Supported by:

SafeFoodEra

Contact

Ólafur Reykdal

Project Manager

olafur.reykdal@matis.is

Fungicides and the MYCONET project / Mycotoxins and the MYCONET project

Mycotoxins are many substances that can be formed in some types of fungi. Fungicides can have a variety of harmful effects on humans and animals. All available information on fungal toxins in food on the Icelandic market was compiled. Research lacks the formation of fungal toxins in the Icelandic environment, but it is likely that some of the substances are not formed in fields in this country due to low ambient temperatures. The MYCONET project was a European network project on fungal toxins in wheat for food and feed production. A system was developed to assess the emerging risk of fungal toxins, in particular the substances formed in Fusarium fungi. A special survey was conducted on the needs of regulators, companies and farmers for information on fungal toxins. Evidence of antifungal risk was examined and ranked by importance. The so-called Delphi method was used for this. Detailed information was then obtained on the most important clues. Models were developed to predict the presence of fungal toxins based on evidence of emerging risks.

Mycotoxins are a varied group of contaminants that can be formed in molds. They can be harmful to humans and animals. Information about mycotoxins in foods on the Icelandic market was collected. Research on mycotoxins in Iceland have been limited but it is likely that some of the mycotoxins do not form in open fields because of low temperature. The MYCONET project was a European network of information sources for the identification of emerging mycotoxins in wheat-based supply chains. Main emphasis was on mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp. The needs of stakeholders and other end users (risk managers) were investigated. The most important indicators for emerging mycotoxins were identified together with evaluation of their relative importance by the Delphi method. Information sources on these key indicators were evaluated. Finally, an information model was developed to predict emerging mycotoxin risk from indicators and information sources.

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