Tag: Viscera

Reports

Measurements and utilization of slag

Published:

27/09/2017

Authors:

Ragnheiður Sveinþórsdóttir, Ásbjörn Jónsson, Muhammad Rizal Fahlivi

Supported by:

Ministry of Industry and Innovation

Measurements and utilization of slag

In the project, cod caught off the south coast of Iceland was gutted ashore. The fish was measured and weighed before and after gutting so that its slaughter ratio could be calculated over the year. Each organ was also weighed to see the quantity and proportion of each organ in the cod slug. Following these measurements, data are available from independent parties that show the slaughter rate of cod over two seasons. With the aim of increasing the value of landed catch, the utilization of sludge was looked at and experiments were made where fertilizer was made from the sludge in three different ways and the types of fertilizer were tested and compared. In addition, such treatment was compared with plants that were only watered with water and plants that were watered with synthetic plant fertilizers that are on the market today.

In this project cod was caught on the south coast of Iceland and gutted at shore. The fish was measured and weighed before and after gutting to calculate it's rate of guts for the whole year. Also every organ was weighed to see the guts combination. With the aim to increase the value of landed material experiments were made where fertilizer was created in three ways, it was tested and compared with each other and plants that were only irrigated with water and plants irrigated with plant fertilizer that are on market today.

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Reports

Utilization of slogans - The situation today

Published:

12/04/2016

Authors:

Ásbjörn Jónsson, Magnea Karlsdóttir, Sigurjón Arason

Supported by:

Advisory report for HB Grandi.

Contact

Sigurjón Arason

Chief Engineer

sigurjon.arason@matis.is

Utilization of slogans - The situation today

In view of the cost of landfilling fish stocks and changing regulations regarding the disposal of organic waste, companies have focused on the use of slag in valuable products. Processing of slag can be divided into two categories according to the value of the products. On the one hand there is talk of the low-tech industry and on the other hand the high-tech industry. An example of a low-tech industry is the production of digestion concentrate that is used directly for fertilizer use in fields and low-vegetation areas, as well as fertilizer for use in horticulture. Another example is digestion for use in wet animal feed. Processing of enzymes from the stomach and long-tailed cod is an example of a high-tech industry, where a complex processing process is required and products are therefore more expensive. Examples include Pensim, which has been shown to be effective against various skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis, as well as proteins and peptides that have been used in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

This report was prepared for HB Grandi and is confidential and the property of the buyer.

Regarding the costs of disposal of fish viscera and a new regulation concerning the emission of organic waste, the fishindustry have focused on the possible use of viscera into valuable products. Processing of viscera can be divided into two categories based on the value the products. First there is low tech industry and on the other hand high tech industry. Example of low tech industry is the production of silage to be used as a fertilizer to the soil and vegetation compositions area or to horticultural plants. Another example is silage for feed in fur breeding. Processing of enzymes from the intestine of cod are examples of high tech industry, which require complex processing procedure of raw materials to high value products. For example, Pensím which has effective against various skin diseases such as eczema and psoriasis, together with proteins and peptides that have been used in the food industry and the pharmaceutical industry.

This report was prepared for HB Grandi and is confidential and the property of the company.

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Reports

Production of valuable products from viscera / Production of valuable products from viscera

Published:

01/03/2014

Authors:

Sigrún Mjöll Halldórsdóttir

Supported by:

AVS

Production of valuable products from viscera / Production of valuable products from viscera

Fish stew is rich in many different substances such as protein, fish oil and minerals, which can be good in all kinds of valuable products. The purpose of the project was to investigate the possibility of using material from slag for pet food and / or fertilizer for plants. Cod processing with and without liver was performed with enzymes: on the one hand Alkalase and on the other hand a mixture of Alkalasa and cod enzymes. Attempts were made to collect fat phase from the slag. The fatty phase was analyzed for fatty acids and peroxide values were measured to assess the degree of development. The protein component was then spray dried and the following measurements were performed: protein content, amino acid analysis, trace element measurement, antioxidant activity (metal chelating ability, DPPH, ORAC, reducing ability and antioxidant activity in the cellular system) and antihypertensive activity. The main results are that the enzymatic slag has an excellent ability to bind to metal and can thus maintain metals (minerals) in a form that both plants and animals can use. The amino acid composition was also very suitable as nutrition for dogs and cats.

Fish viscera is rich in many different materials, such as protein, oil and minerals that can be good in all kinds of valuable products. The purpose of this project was to investigate the possibility of utilizing materials of viscera in pet food and / or fertilizer for plants. Viscera from cod processing with and without liver was processed with the following enzymes: Alcalase and a mixture of Alcalase and cod enzymes. Attempts were made to collect the lipid phase of the viscera. Fatty acids were analyzed in the lipid phase and measured peroxide values to assess the degree of rancidity. The remaining protein solution was spray dried and the following measurements performed: protein content, amino acid analysis, measurement of trace elements, antioxidant (metal chelating, DPPH, ORAC, reducing ability and antioxidant activity in cell systems) and blood pressure lowering activity. The main conclusion is that hydrolysed viscera protein has excellent ability to metal chelation and can thereby maintain metals (minerals) in the form that both plants and animals can utilize. Amino acid composition was also very suitable as nutrition for dogs and cats.

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Reports

Extraction of hydrolases from Gadus morhua / Natural enzymes from slag work

Published:

01/02/2013

Authors:

Eva María Ingvadóttir (student), Sean M. Scully (student), Jónína Jóhannsdóttir, Rannveig Björnsdóttir, Ásbjörn Jónsson

Supported by:

AVS Fisheries Research Fund (V 11 011‐11)

Extraction of hydrolases from Gadus morhua / Natural enzymes from slag work

The aim of the project was to extract enzymes from catfish slag for use in releasing membranes and ringworms from the liver for canning. Extensive experiments were performed using different extraction buffers and the effect of salinity, acidity, temperature and time on the activity of four enzymes. The effect of cod liver enzyme mixture on the release of ringworm and liver from the liver was also studied compared to the use of Alcalasa 2.4G used in conventional processing. The results of the project indicate that extraction methods have a broad effect on the activity of enzymes, in addition to which different enzyme activity was obtained from individual organs compared to their mixtures. The activity of the tryps was measured rather high but seemed to be controlled by the salinity of the extract solutions and the temperature. The activity of trypsin appeared to be generally comparable to the results of previous studies on trypsin activity in fish stocks. The activity of pepsin was generally very low, indicating that it is not economical to process pepsin from cod fillets, at least not under the conditions tested. It is not considered convenient to co-treat trypsin, collagenase or elastase from slag as the maximum activity of the enzymes requires different extraction conditions. The results of the project as a whole indicate that enzymes can be isolated from cod stocks in a cost-effective way using methods that only require simple equipment and cheap solutions. The results of the experiments also show that these enzymes can be used to release ringworms from the liver for canning with similar results to the methods used today. However, it is not clear whether their use is beneficial for liver processing companies as it would be necessary to change the processing process in order to achieve maximum enzyme activity.

The aim of this project was to investigate and optimize methods for the extraction of proteases from the digestive tract of cod (Gadus morhua) in order to bring about membrane dissociation of cod liver prior to canning. Homogenized viscera were extracted using various salt solutions, buffers and pH adjusted solutions at different temperatures and time. The protein concentration and activities of trypsin, pepsin, collagenase, and elastase were analyzed. Selected extraction solutions where then used for the removal of liver membranes compared to traditional treatment with Alcalase 2.4G. The results indicate that enzyme activity is influenced by the extraction methods and different enzyme activity was furthermore obtained from different organs and their combinations. Trypsin activity seems to be governed by the salt concentration of the extract solutions and temperature. The trypsin activity was relatively high and comparable with those obtained from other experiments. Next steps may include further optimization of extraction depending on the target enzyme (s), whereas the optimum conditions for the extraction of trypsin seem to differ from that of collagenase. The results indicate that the extraction of marine proteases, with the exception of pepsin, from North Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is potentially feasible using materials generally recognized as safe (GRAS) such as dilute, aqueous sodium chloride solutions with relatively simple equipment. The marine proteases did remove worms from the liver to a certain extent but no clear trend was observed when comparing membranes of enzyme treated livers and controls under the experimental conditions of this study.

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Reports

Moist diet for farmed fish

Published:

01/02/2009

Authors:

Jón Örn Pálsson

Supported by:

AVS Fisheries Research Fund. Preliminary project (S 034‐05)

Moist diet for farmed fish

Gellyfeed is a synonym for a two-stage production process of aquaculture feed. The method was developed with the aim of reducing storage costs and producing strong feed pellets. Studies confirm that long-term leaching of raw materials and storage impairs the quality of proteins and renders the raw material unsuitable for wet feed production. The maximum shelf life of fish raw material in a strong alkaline state is 14 days. The method can be useful for killing bacteria, viruses and parasites. Options for storage of raw materials for wet feed production are freezing and digestion processing. The production of wet feed from by-products that occur in the northern Westfjords can be a promising option. The legislation of the European Economic Area does not prohibit the use of by-products from wild cod in feed for farmed cod.

Gellyfeed is a name of a two-step production process of moist diet for farmed fish. The process is developed to reduce the cost of preserving by-products and to make a physical strong pellet. Research confirms that alkaline preserved raw material and longtime storing damage the protein quality and make the raw material not suitable for use in moist diet. Maximum storing time of alkaline preserved by ‐ products is 14 days. The process can be practical for eliminating harm from bacteria, viruses or parasites. The alternative methods for storing by ‐ products are freezing or silage production. Moist diet produced from by ‐ products from the northern region of the Westfjords in Iceland seems to be economically promising option. The legislation from the European Union does not forbid using by-products from wild cod as a raw material in production of moist diet.

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Reports

Solutions due to environmental impact during stroke release

Published:

01/09/2007

Authors:

Heimir Tryggvason, Guðrún Anna Finnbogadóttir

Supported by:

AVS Fisheries Research Fund

Solutions due to environmental impact during stroke release

In recent years and decades, satisfactory solutions to sludge discharge have been sought. Considerable emphasis has been placed on finding ways to process the slug into usable products that could be sold. This work has mainly been done by individuals, organizations and institutions. In this connection, one can mention plans for digestion from slag to feed production, but these experiments were well under way in the mid-1980s. It can be said that the problem with slag processing is twofold. The slag is damaged very quickly, which makes it difficult to use it in certain products. Secondly, the transport cost is high compared to the value of the product made from slag. The way in which slag is discharged varies greatly from one situation to another, but the growing emphasis on environmental issues in recent years has fueled old ideas about the utilization of slag.

In recent years, a considerable effort has been made to ensure a proper disposal of viscera from fish processing. The emphasis has been on processes that could return a marketable product. In the late 20th Century a lot of this work was focused on silage production. There are mainly two major problems with regard to the processing of viscera: Firstly, viscera spoils very rapidly, which makes it difficult to use in many products. Secondly, the cost of transportation is very high compared to the value of the products processed from viscera. Handling of viscera is very diverse in different places but increased emphasis on environmental issues has raised the issue of utilization again.

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