Merki: Sjávarafurðir

Skýrslur

The effects of the Icelandic demersal trawling fleet renewal on product carbon footprint / Áhrif endurnýjunar fiskiskipaflotans á kolefnisspor afurða

Útgefið:

27/05/2025

Höfundar:

Guðrún Svana Hilmarsdóttir, Jónas R. Viðarsson, Birgir Örn Smárason, Sæmundur Elíasson, Ólafur Ögmundarson

Styrkt af:

The AVS fund, the Icelandic Food Innovation Fund / Matvælasjóður and the Research fund of the University of Iceland

Tengiliður

Jónas Rúnar Viðarsson

Sviðsstjóri rannsókna

jonas@matis.is

This report presents the background, implementation, results and discussions connected to a peer-reviewed scientific journal article published in the Journal of Cleaner Production in November 2024. Scientific journals have strict requirements regarding the length of articles, and therefore it was not possible to present all the details that the authors would have liked in the paper. This report therefore provides additional information that was not included in.
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There has been a major renewal of the Icelandic trawler fleet since the turn of the century, while the number of such vessels has decreased by almost half. It has been claimed that the new vessels are much more fuel-efficient and that the carbon footprint of the products must therefore have decreased as results. Data on oil imports to fishing vessels seem to support these claims.

To better analyse the impacts of the fleet renewal on the carbon footprint of fish catches, several representatives from the Icelandic bottom trawler sector joined forces with experts from Matís, the University of Iceland and the University of Akureyri that work on assessing the environmental impacts in production systems. Data was collected from 11 trawlers over a 10-year period and a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology was applied to analyse their carbon footprint per unit of catch, and then a comparison was made between older and newer vessels to examine if there is a statistically significant difference. The vessels in the sample were chosen to provide a good cross-section of the Icelandic bottom-trawl fleet in terms of size, age, catch composition and location around the country. The sample included four new vessels that were purchased to replace older vessels, i.e. a comparison was made between old and newer vessels from the same fishing company, with the same catch quotas and even the same crew.

The results of the analysis revealed that the renewal of the trawl fleet alone has not had a significant impact on the carbon footprint per unit of catch. Three of the four new vessels examined did not show lower carbon footprint than the older vessels they replaced. The fourth vessel, however, showed a significant reduction in the carbon footprint, but that may be because it replaced two older vessels. The most likely explanation is therefore that since the catch quotas of two vessels were combined on one new vessel, it is the quota status and fishing pattern that had the dominant effect, rather than the age of the vessels. These results consistent with previous studies in Iceland, which have shown that the state of fish stocks, catch quotas, and fishing patterns are by far the most important factors when it comes to greenhouse gas emissions per unit of catch. Thus, the concentration of catch quotas and the reduction in the number of vessels have had a decisive effect on reducing the carbon footprint, rather than fleet renewal. However, it is worth bearing in mind that comparisons between years can be difficult as stock abundance and distribution, as well as catch patterns can vary greatly from year to year.

The results of the life cycle analysis also provided information on the average carbon footprint per unit of catch for the vessels in the sample. This is very important information, as such a comprehensive analysis of the carbon footprint of bottom-trawl catches has not been carried out in Iceland before. Previous data only covered individual trawlers over much shorter periods. The results show that the carbon footprint of a landed cod catch is 0.7 kg CO2 equivalent/kg catch, 0.8 kg when the carbon footprint is allocated to the edible part of the catch, and 4.5 kg when it is allocated to protein content of the edible parts. Similar results were shown for haddock and saithe, but the carbon footprint of redfish is much higher as the fishing itself is more energy-intensive and the utilisation for human consumption is much lower. These results are similar to comparable studies that have been conducted in recent years in the countries the Icelandic seafood industry prefers to compare with. When these values are compared to other protein sources, it is clear that Icelandic bottom-trawl catches are among the protein sources in the world with the lowest carbon footprint. For example, poultry has more than 12 times the carbon footprint per protein unit than the Icelandic cod, pork has 17 times the footprint, and beef has 80 times the footprint. It should be noted, however, that these are global averages.

It should be noted that the life cycle analysis only covered the fishing part of the value chain and that it did not take into account the effects that have been shown in previous studies to have a negligible effect on the carbon footprint of trawling. It also did not take into account the effects of trawling on the seabed, although in recent years it has been suggested that trawling releases large amounts of CO2 that is captured in bottom sediments. However, the scientific community has not agreed on what these effects actually are. The analysis was carried out in accordance with international standards, ISO 14044, and the results are therefore fully comparable with other studies where the same standards have been followed.

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Skýrslur

Overview of available methods for thawing seafood / Lausnir sem standa til boða við uppþíðingu á sjávarfangi

Útgefið:

01/06/2017

Höfundar:

Sigurður Örn Ragnarsson, Jónas R. Viðarsson

Styrkt af:

The Norwegian Research Council (Project number 233709/E50)

Overview of available methods for thawing seafood / Lausnir sem standa til boða við uppþíðingu á sjávarfangi

There is a constant demand for quality raw materials that can be used for producing seafood products for high paying markets in Europe and elsewhere in the world. Suppliers of demersal fish species in the North Atlantic are now meeting this demand by freezing the mainstay of their catches, in order to be able to have available supplies all year around. This is partly done because of seasonal fluctuations in catches, which are harmful from a marking point of view. The fact that all these raw materials are now frozen demands that methods used for freezing and thawing can guarantee that quality of the raw material is maintained. There are a number of methods available to thaw fish. The most common ones involve delivering heat to the product through the surface, as with conduction or convection. These methods include water and air-based systems. More novel methods are constantly on the rise, all with the aim of making the process of thawing quicker and capable of delivering better products to the consumer. These procedures are however, often costly and involve specialized workforce to control the process. All in all, it depends greatly on what kind of conditions a company is operating under regarding which thawing methods should be chosen. This report identifies the most common methods available and provides information on their main pros and cons.

Stöðug eftirspurn er frá fiskvinnslum víða um heim eftir góðu hráefni úr Norður Atlantshafi til framleiðslu á afurðum fyrir kröfuharða markaði. Til að mæta þessari eftirspurn og með hliðsjón af miklum árstíðabundnum sveiflum í veiðum á vissum fisktegundum hafa fyrirtæki gripið til þeirra ráða að frysta hráefnið til notkunar síðar meir. Það kallar á góðar aðferðir til að frysta hráefnið, en ekki er síður mikilvægt að þíðing hráefnisins sé góð. Til eru margar aðferðir til að þíða fisk og aðrar sjávarafurðir. Algengast hefur verið að nota varmaflutning í gegnum yfirborð með varmaburði eða varmaleiðni. Þær aðferðir byggja að mestu á því að nota vatn eða loft sem miðil til þíðingar. Nýrri aðferðir eru til sem reyna að gera ferlið fljótvirkara og þannig skila betri afurð til neytenda. Þessar aðferðir eru þó oft kostnaðarmiklar og fela í sér mikla sérhæfingu starfsfólks. Þegar öllu er á botninn hvolft, skiptir máli um hverslags rekstur er að ræða og hvernig aðstæður fyrirtæki búa við hverju sinni þegar þíðingaraðferðir og tæknilegar lausnir eru valdar. Í þessari skýrslu eru tilgreindar allar helstu þíðingaaðferðir og þær tæknilegu lausnir sem eru á markaðinum í dag, ásamt því sem helstu kostir og gallar þeirra verða tilteknir.

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Skýrslur

Næringargildi sjávarafurða – Meginefni, steinefni, snefilefni og fitusýrur í lokaafurðum / Nutrient value of seafoods – Proximates, minerals, trace elements and fatty acids in products

Útgefið:

01/10/2011

Höfundar:

Ólafur Reykdal, Hrönn Ólína Jörundsdóttir, Natasa Desnica, Svanhildur Hauksdóttir, Þuríður Ragnarsdóttir, Annabelle Vrac, Helga Gunnlaugsdóttir, Heiða Pálmadóttir

Styrkt af:

AVS rannsóknasjóður í sjávarútvegi

Tengiliður

Ólafur Reykdal

Verkefnastjóri

olafur.reykdal@matis.is

Næringargildi sjávarafurða – Meginefni, steinefni, snefilefni og  fitusýrur í lokaafurðum / Nutrient value of seafoods – Proximates, minerals, trace elements and fatty acids in products

Gerðar voru mælingar á meginefnum (próteini, fitu, ösku og vatni), steinefnum (Na, K, P, Mg, Ca) og snefilefnum (Se, Fe, Cu, Zn, Hg) í helstu tegundum sjávarafurða sem voru tilbúnar á markað. Um var að ræða fiskflök, hrogn, rækju, humar og ýmsar unnar afurðir. Mælingar voru gerðar á fitusýrum, joði og þremur vítamínum í völdum sýnum. Nokkrar afurðir voru efnagreindar bæði hráar og matreiddar. Markmið verkefnisins var að bæta úr skorti á gögnum um íslenskar sjávarafurðir og gera þær aðgengilegar fyrir neytendur, framleiðendur og söluaðila íslenskra sjávarafurða. Upplýsingarnar eru aðgengilegar í íslenska gagnagrunninum um efnainnihald matvæla á vefsíðu Matís. Selen var almennt hátt í þeim sjávarafurðum sem voru rannsakaðar (33‐ 50 µg/100g) og ljóst er að sjávarafurðir geta gegnt lykilhlutverki við að fullnægja selenþörf fólks. Fitusýrusamsetning var breytileg eftir tegundum sjávarafurða og komu fram sérkenni sem hægt er að nýta sem vísbendingar um uppruna fitunnar. Meginhluti fjölómettaðra fitusýra í sjávarafurðum var langar ómega‐3 fitusýrur. Magn steinefna var mjög breytilegt í sjávarafurðum og koma fram breytingar á styrk þessara efna við vinnslu og matreiðslu. Lítið tap varð á snefilefnunum seleni, járni, kopar og sinki við matreiðslu. Mælingar voru gerðar bæði á seleni og kvikasilfri þar sem selen vinnur gegn eituráhrifum kvikasilfurs og kvikasilfur er meðal óæskilegra efna í sjávarafurðum. Kvikasilfur reyndist í öllum tilfellum vel undir hámarksgildum í reglugerð. Hrogn og hrognkelsaafurðir höfðu þá sérstöðu að innihalda mjög mikið selen en jafnframt mjög lítið kvikasilfur.

Proximates (protein, fat, ash and water), minerals (Na, K, P, Mg, Ca) and trace elements (Se, Fe, Cu, Zn, Hg) were analyzed in the most important Icelandic seafoods ready to be sent to market. The samples were fish fillets, roe, shrimp, lobster, and several processed seafoods. Fatty acids, iodine, and three vitamins were analyzed in selected seafoods. A few seafoods were analyzed both raw and cooked. The aim of the study was to collect information on the nutrient composition of seafood products and make this information available for consumers, producers and seafood dealers. The information is available in the Icelandic Food Composition Database. Selenium levels were generally high in the seafoods studied (33‐50 µg/100g) and seafoods can be an important source of selenium in the diet. Fatty acid composition was variable depending on species and certain characteristics can be used to indicate the fat source. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were mainly long chain omega‐3 fatty acids. The concentration of minerals was variable, depending on processing and cooking. Small losses were found for selenium, iron, copper and zinc during boiling. Both selenium and mercury were analyzed since selenium protects against mercury toxicity and data are needed for mercury. Mercury in all samples was below the maximum limit set by regulation. Roe and lumpsucker products had the special status of high selenium levels and very low mercury levels.

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Skýrslur

Bacterial diversity in the processing environment of fish products / Fjölbreytileiki bakteríusamfélaga í vinnsluumhverfi fiskafurða

Útgefið:

01/03/2010

Höfundar:

Eyjólfur Reynisson, Sveinn Haukur Magnússon, Árni Rafn Rúnarsson, Viggó Þór Marteinsson

Styrkt af:

Tækniþróunarsjóður, AVS

Tengiliður

Viggó Marteinsson

Fagstjóri

viggo@matis.is

Bacterial diversity in the processing environment of fish products / Fjölbreytileiki bakteríusamfélaga í vinnsluumhverfi fiskafurða

Í skýrslunni er leitað svara við fjölbreytileika og tegundasamsetningu örvera í fiskvinnsluumhverfi. Rannsóknarvinnan hófst með uppsetningu og þróun aðferða til að skanna örverusamsetningu með sameindalíffræðilegum aðferðum og svo á seinni stigum var hafist handa við að skoða valin umhverfi úr fiskiðnaðinum.  Tvær fiskvinnslur voru heimsóttar, hvor um sig í tvígang þar sem úttekt var gerð á vinnslunni og u.þ.b. 20 sýni tekin í hverri ferð.    Í ljós kom fjölbreytt samfélag baktería þar sem þekktar skemmdarbakteríur voru í jafnan í háu hlutfalli ásamt ýmsum öðrum tegundum.    Örverutalningar sýndu fram á hátt magn baktería á yfirborðum vinnslulína á meðan á vinnslu stendur með fáa bakteríuhópa í yfirmagni en einnig fjölmargar aðrar tegundir í minna magni.    Helstu hópar baktería sem fundust tilheyra Photobacterium phosphoreum, sem var í hæsta hlutfallslegu magni heilt yfir í rannsókninni, ásamt Flavobacterium, Psychrobacter, Chryseobacter, Acinetobacter og Pseudoalteromonas. Allar þessar tegundir eru þekktar fiskibakteríur sem lifa í roði og þörmum lifandi fiska.  Þetta er fyrsta verkefnið sem vitað er um þar sem sameindalíffræðilegar aðferðir eru notaðar til að skanna bakteríuvistkerfi fiskvinnsluhúsa.   Hér hefur því verið lagður þekkingargrunnur að bakteríuvistkerfum við mismunandi aðstæður í fiskvinnslum sem mun nýtast til frambúðar við rannsóknir og þróun á bættum vinnsluferlum og geymsluaðferðum á fiski.

In this report we seek answers on diversity and species composition of bacteria in fish processing environment. The study initiated   method development to screen microbial systems using molecular methods followed by analysis of samples from 2 fish processing plants. This research shows the presence of a diverse microbial community in fish processing environment where known spoilage microorganisms are typically in high relative numbers along with various other bacterial species. Total viable counts showed the presence of bacteria in high numbers on processing surfaces during fish processing where few species typically dominated the community. Photobacterium phosphoreum was the most apparent species followed by genera such as Flavobacterium, Psychrobacter, Chryseobacter, Acinetobacter and Pseudoalteromonas. All these species are known fish associated bacteria that live on the skin and in the digestive tract of a living animal. To our knowledge, this is the first study where molecular methods are used to screen microbial communities in fish processing plants. This research has therefore contributed a database on bacterial diversity in fish processing plants that will be used in the future to improve processing and storage methods in the fish industry.

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Skýrslur

Tillögur um stofnun smásölu‐fiskmarkaða á Íslandi / Public fish markets in Iceland – propositions

Útgefið:

01/10/2009

Höfundar:

Þóra Valsdóttir, Brynhildur Pálsdóttir, Theresa Himmer

Styrkt af:

AVS rannsóknasjóður í sjávarútvegi

Tengiliður

Þóra Valsdóttir

Verkefnastjóri

thora.valsdottir@matis.is

Tillögur um stofnun smásölu‐fiskmarkaða á Íslandi / Public fish markets in Iceland – propositions

Af hverju tíðkast ekki hérlendis að almenningur geti keypt ferskan fisk á hafnarbakkanum eða á fiskmarkaði? Ísland er þekkt fyrir mikil og væn fiskveiðimið og fiskafurðir af miklum gæðum. Af hverju er ekki gert meira út á upplifun í tengslum við fiskinn, bæði fyrir landsmenn og fyrir ferðamenn?  Margir eru áhugasamir um hugmyndina um fiskmarkað, en af einhverjum ástæðum hefur henni ekki verið hleypt í framkvæmd. Í þessum tillögum er farið yfir stöðu fiskmarkaða á Íslandi og hvað „smásölu fiskmarkaðir“ geta haft fram að færa.  Þá eru tekin dæmi um fiskmarkaði erlendis, farið yfir mismunandi leiðir að því að setja upp smásölufiskmarkaði og farið yfir megin skrefin sem þarf að hafa í huga þegar farið er af stað. Loks er tekið dæmi um ferli við frumhugmyndavinnu að stofnun smásölufiskmarkaðar í Reykjavík. Það er von höfunda að þessi samantekt kveiki áhuga á og stuðli að stofnun fiskmarkaða fyrir almenning víðs vegar um landið.  

There are currently no public fish markets in Iceland – why? Iceland is known for its rich fishing grounds and quality fish products. Why hasn’t the seafood experience been more exploited, for the Icelandic public as well as tourists? The idea of a public fish market greatest excitement among most people, however, it has not resulted in an up and running   market. In these propositions the current situation in Iceland is reviewed as well as what is to gain by creating and running public fish markets. Examples are taken from fish markets abroad, different scenarios are illustrated and important steps in the preparation process discussed. Finally, example is given on the first steps in idea generation for a public fish market in Reykjavik. The authors aim for these propositions to encourage the establishment of public fish markets all around Iceland. 

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Skýrslur

Verðmæti og öryggi íslenskra sjávarafurða. Áhættusamsetning og áhætturöðun / Food safety and added value of Icelandic seafood. Risk profiling and risk ranking

Útgefið:

01/05/2007

Höfundar:

Eva Yngvadóttir, Birna Guðbjörnsdóttir

Styrkt af:

AVS rannsóknasjóður sjávarútvegsins og Rf / Matís ohf

Verðmæti og öryggi íslenskra sjávarafurða. Áhættusamsetning og áhætturöðun / Food safety and added value of Icelandic seafood. Risk profiling and risk ranking

Í þessu verkefni var framkvæmd grunnvinna að áhættumati fyrir þorsk, rækju, karfa, ýsu, grálúðu, síld, ufsa og kúfisk. Þessar tegundir voru kortlagðar m.t.t. hætta og fékkst þannig fram áhættusamsetning þeirra og hálf-magnbundið áhættumat framkvæmt á þeim. Við þetta áhættumat var notað reiknilíkan sem þróað hefur verið í Ástralíu og er nefnt Risk Ranger. Við áhættumatið voru notuð gögn um neysluvenjur (skammtastærðir, tíðni o. fl.), tíðni og orsakir fæðuborinna sjúkdóma. Þannig var reiknuð út áhætta tengd neyslu þessara sjávarafurða, miðað við ákveðnar forsendur. Áreiðanleiki áhættumats er algjörlega háð þeim gögnum og upplýsingum sem notuð eru við framkvæmd þess. Samkvæmt fyrirliggjandi mæligögnum og gefnum forsendum raðast ofangreindar sjávarafurðir í lægsta áhættuflokk (stig <32) – lítil áhætta, miðað við heilbrigða einstaklinga. Á alþjóðlegum matvælamörkuðum hafa íslenskar sjávarafurðir á sér gott orðspor hvað varðar heilnæmi og öryggi. Áhyggjur vegna öryggis matvæla fara hins vegar vaxandi víða og því er það mikil áskorun fyrir Íslendinga að viðhalda þessu góða orðspori í framtíðinni.

This report contains the preliminary results of a risk profiling and risk ranking study for the following species: cod (Gadus moruha), shrimp (Pandalus borealis), ocean perch (Sebastes marinus), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides), saithe (Pollachius virens) and Iceland cyprine (Cyprina islandica). These species were surveyed with regard to terms of undesirable substances (Risk profiling and risk ranking, as well as semiquantitative risk assessment). An Australian software, Risk ranger, was used to compute the risk assessment. Various data, e.g. consumer behaviour (daily intake, frequency etc.), and incidence and origin of food-borne diseases, were used. Thus, the risk of consuming these species was determined. The reliability of a risk assessment is dependent on the quality of the data which are used to carry it out. Based on the existing data and given prerequisites, it can be stated that the aforementioned species come under the lowest risk group (degree <32) – small risk, considering healthy individuals. Icelandic seafood products are renowned on the international food markets as being quality and safe food. However, in light of growing concern worldwide for food safety, it is a challenge for Icelandic seafood producers to maintain that good reputation.

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Skýrslur

Nordic information and communication network regarding safety of seafood products. Final Report

Útgefið:

01/03/2007

Höfundar:

Helga Gunnlaugsdóttir, Björn Auðunsson

Styrkt af:

NSK (strategi-reserveren), NEF(Nordisk Embedsmans komité for fiskeripolitik), IFL

Nordic information and communication network regarding safety of seafood products. Final Report

Þessi skýrsla er lokaskýrsla í verkefninu Nordic information and communication network regarding safety of seafood products, sem hófst árið 2005 og lauk formlega í árslok 2006. Í verkefninu var þróuð sameignleg Norræn vefsíða (www.seafoodnet.info) þar sem safnað er saman á einum stað viðeigandi krækjum sem innihalda upplýsingar um efnainnihald sjávarafurða, bæði óæskileg efni og einnig næringarefni. Ísland (fyrst Rannsóknastofnun fiskiðnaðarins og síðan Matís ohf) sá um að þróa vefsíðuna og sér um að viðhalda henni en hvert land ber ábyrgð á sínum upplýsingum og á uppfærslu þeirra. Verkefninu lauk formlega í árslok 2006, en þá var nýbúið að færa vefsíðuna í nýtt vefumsjónarkerfi, Eplica, sem einfaldar alla umsjón með vefnum og auðveldar ennfremur gestum að finna það efni sem leitað er að á honum. Vonast er til að þessar muni gera það kleift að halda vefnum “lifandi” áfram með lítilli fyrirhöfn og kostnaði.

This report is the final report in a Nordic project called “Nordic information and communication network regarding safety of seafood products and utilization of the resources from the sea”. The report contains a summary of the activities in the projects after the 2nd workshop in the project, which was held in Copenhagen, Denmark on April 21st 2006 until the project formally ended at the end of 2006. During this period the website was transferred into a new web content management system called Eplica product suite, which makes administering much easier than in the earlier version and accessing the website much more user-friendly. This was done in accordance with agreements reached at the workshop in Copenhagen. Although the project has formally ended, it is hoped that the seafoodnet.info website will continue to live for some time to come, as a common database or co-ordination of information and reporting of chemical substances, i.e. nutrients and undesirable substances in seafood. Furthermore, it was hoped that the project would be a cornerstone for further networking and innovative transnational research with the participation of scientists in the Nordic countries and EU.

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