Author: Kristín Edda Gylfadóttir

This book offers a state-of-the-art analysis on the main challenges facing the aquatic products processing industry. The topics explored are particularly relevant to the issues faced by European consumers and processors, but the information provided within this book can be widely extrapolated.

This book should be helpful for processors, fish traders, consumers, scientists and students. The first chapter is dedicated to the sociological definition of “fish” and consumers’ perceptions. The following chapters deal with the notions of quality sensu lato, biological risks and their control, as well as the risks linked to the pollution of oceans and ecosystems by microplastics. Two types of processes and processed products – smoked fish and surimi products – which are of great economic importance to the European market, are also presented. The process of adding value to co-products, including the “blue biorefinery” and the innovative pH-shift technology are also covered in this book.

Edited by Véronique Verrez-Bagnis
ISBN : 9781789451498
January 2024

Complex microbiomes are part of the food we eat and influence our own microbiome, but their diversity remains largely unexplored. Here, we generated the open access curatedFoodMetagenomicData (cFMD) resource by integrating 1,950 newly sequenced and 583 public food metagenomes. We produced 10,899 metagenome-assembled genomes spanning 1,036 prokaryotic and 108 eukaryotic species-level genome bins (SGBs), including 320 previously undescribed taxa. Food SGBs displayed significant microbial diversity within and between food categories. Extension to >20,000 human metagenomes revealed that food SGBs accounted on average for 3% of the adult gut microbiome. Strain-level analysis highlighted potential instances of food-to-gut transmission and intestinal colonization (e.g., Lacticaseibacillus paracasei) as well as SGBs with divergent genomic structures in food and humans (e.g., Streptococcus gallolyticus and Limosilactobabillus mucosae). The cFMD expands our knowledge on food microbiomes, their role in shaping the human microbiome, and supports future uses of metagenomics for food quality, safety, and authentication.

Á GAMLÁRSDAG 2020 fundust óvænt nokkrar tómar hnífskeljar (fylking lindýra, Mollusca, flokkur samloka, Bivalvia) í fjöru innst í Hvalfirði. Skeljarnar draga nafn af útlitinu og eru langar, allt að 24 cm, mjóar, þunnar og beittar, og líkjast helst gamaldags rakhnífum. Fyrir fundinn var ekki vitað til þess að áður hefðu fundist hnífskeljar við Ísland, ef frá er talinn fundur tveggja dauðra fáfnisskelja (Ensis magnus) árið 1957 í fjöru í Lónsvík skammt frá bænum Hvalnesi. Eftir fundinn 2020 fannst í febrúar 2021 lifandi samloka í fjörunni við ósa Hafnarár í mynni Borgarfjarðar. Í kjölfar vettvangsferða höfunda og kynningu fyrstu rannsóknarniðurstaðna á Líffræðiráðstefnu haustið 2021, sem leiddu til umfjöllunar í fjölmiðlum um fundina, bárust fleiri tilkynningar um fundi bæði lifandi og dauðra hnífskelja. Þar á meðal í Kollafirði í maí 2019 og Leiruvogi í febrúar 2020. Fundust skeljar allt að 20 cm langar. Þegar þetta er ritað hefur skelin aðeins fundist við suðaustanverðan Faxaflóa. Í norðanverðu Atlantshafi eru þekktar átta tegundir hnífskelja. Þær eru líkar í útliti og getur verið erfitt að greina þær að. Niðurstöður erfðagreiningar lifandi eintaka í rannsókninni sem hér um getur staðfesta að um er að ræða tegundina Ensis terranovensis, sem við nefnum „sindraskel“. Tegundin hefur til þessa einungis fundist við Nýfundnaland á austurströnd Norður-Ameríku, og var þar fyrst greind árið 2012. Ísland er því fyrsta landið þar sem sindraskel finnst utan náttúrulegra heimkynna. Hún hefur sennilega borist hingað sem lirfa í kjölvatni flutningaskipa, jafnvel fyrir rúmum tíu árum ef mið er tekið af stærstu eintökunum sem hér hafa fundist og áætluðum vexti skeljanna. Flutningur sjávarlífvera af mannavöldum út fyrir náttúruleg heimkynni fer vaxandi. Þar sem framandi tegundir ná fótfestu geta þær breytt og/eða valdið skaða á lífríkinu sem fyrir er. Þess vegna er m.a. mikilvægt að fylgjast með útbreiðslu og lifnaðarháttum sindraskeljarinnar hér við land.

Seaweeds (macroalgae) are an attractive resource for diverse microbial- and enzymatic production processes. They are abundant, underutilized, cheap, and rich in carbohydrates, and therefore have the potential to be used as a source of mono- or oligosaccharides, and as substrates for industrial fermentation processes. Many seaweed polysaccharides, including the sulfated polysaccharides ulvan and fucoidan, are however complex and heterogenous in structure, and there are currently few enzymes available to modify them, and understanding of their enzymatic depolymerization remains limited. The present study aimed to identify and characterize robust fucoidanases and ulvan lyases. Metagenomes were obtained from microbial enrichments from an intertidal hot-spring, genes identified that expressed putative fucoidanases and ulvan lyases, and following gene cloning and expression, the respective enzymes were screened for enzymatic activity. Consistent with their origin, the identified protein sequences were considerably divergent from previously characterized enzymes, with a 44 % average maximal sequence identity. In total, the study resulted in the characterization of 10 new fucoidanases (GH107 and GH168 families) and 8 new ulvan lyases (PL24, PL25 and PL40 families). Notably, the new fucoidanases appeared to have functional specificity towards fucoidan containing α-1,3 linked L-fucosyl and several functioned at high temperature. The study contributes a metagenomics-based approach to identify new seaweed polysaccharide degrading enzymes and an increased understanding of the diversity of such enzymes, which may have implications for the realization of biotechnology based valorization of seaweed biomass.

As the global population continues to grow, so does the demand for longer, healthier lives and environmentally responsible choices. Consumers are increasingly drawn to naturally sourced products with proven health and wellbeing benefits. The marine environment presents a promising yet underexplored resource for the cosmetics industry, offering bioactive compounds with the potential for safe and biocompatible ingredients. This manuscript provides a comprehensive overview of the potential of marine organisms for cosmetics production, highlighting marine-derived compounds and their applications in skin/hair/oral-care products, cosmeceuticals and more. It also lays down critical safety considerations and addresses the methodologies for sourcing marine compounds, including harvesting, the biorefinery concept, use of systems biology for enhanced product development, and the relevant regulatory landscape. The review is enriched by three case studies: design of macroalgal skincare products in Iceland, establishment of a microalgal cosmetics spin-off in Italy, and the utilization of marine proteins for cosmeceutical applications.